Abstract
The periosteum, with its outer fibrous and inner cambium layer, lies in a dynamic environment with a niche of pluripotent stem cells for their reparative needs. The inner cambium layer is rich in mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic progenitors, osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in a scant collagen matrix environment. Their role in union and remodeling of fracture is well known. However, the periosteum as a source of mesenchymal stem cells has not been explored in detail. Moreover, with the continuous expansion of techniques, newer insights have been acquired into the roles and regulation of these periosteal cells. From a therapeutic standpoint, the periosteum as a source of tissue engineering has gained much attraction. Apart from its role in bone repair, analysis of the bone-forming potential of periosteum-derived stem cells is lacking. Hence, this article elucidates the role of the periosteum as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells along with their capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation for therapeutic application in the future.
Highlights
Macrophage lineage lineage progenitors progenitors recruit periosteum-derived MSCs (P-MSCs) for cortical osteogenesis
ColonyColonyMacrophage lineage progenitors recruit P-MSCs for cortical osteogenesis
P-MSCs from the rat model exhibited chondrogenesis due to the induction of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)-2, whereas terminal chondrocyte differentiation was modulated by TGF-β1 [112]
Summary
The outer fibrous layer contains a superficial inelastic hypocellular layer with high content of the collagenous matrix, which contributes a rich vascular supply to the bone and skeletal muscle and. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1133 collagenous matrix, which contributes a rich vascular supply to the bone and skeletal muscle and provides a network of neural fibers, whereas the deep elastic hypocellular hypovascular layer features a high-collagen matrix, as shown in Figure 1 [5]. The inner camprovides a network of neural fibers, whereas the deep elastic hypocellular hypovascular bium is hypercellular with mesenchymal osteogenic progenitors, layerlayer features a high-collagen matrix, as shown inprogenitors,. The inner cambium layer osteoblasts, and fibroblasts in fewer quantities in the collagenprogenitors, matrix [6].osteoblasts, The cambium is hypercellular with mesenchymal progenitors, osteogenic and layer is rich in vascularity and neural networks. Differs with age and bony location [6]
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