Abstract
Reduced mechanical stress is a major cause of osteoporosis in the elderly, and the osteocyte network, which comprises a communication system through processes and canaliculi throughout bone, is thought to be a mechanosensor and mechanotransduction system; however, the functions of osteocytes are still controversial and remain to be clarified. Unexpectedly, we found that overexpression of BCL2 in osteoblasts eventually caused osteocyte apoptosis. Osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation were unaffected by BCL2 transgene in vitro. However, the cortical bone mass increased due to enhanced osteoblast function and suppressed osteoclastogenesis at 4 months of age, when the frequency of TUNEL-positive lacunae reached 75%. In the unloaded condition, the trabecular bone mass decreased in both wild-type and BCL2 transgenic mice at 6 weeks of age, while it decreased due to impaired osteoblast function and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in wild-type mice but not in BCL2 transgenic mice at 4 months of age. Rankl and Opg were highly expressed in osteocytes, but Rankl expression in osteoblasts but not in osteocytes was increased at unloading in wild-type mice but not in BCL2 transgenic mice at 4 months of age. Sost was locally induced at unloading in wild-type mice but not in BCL2 transgenic mice, and the dissemination of Sost was severely interrupted in BCL2 transgenic mice, showing the severely impaired osteocyte network. These findings indicate that the osteocyte network is required for the upregulation of Rankl in osteoblasts and Sost in osteocytes in the unloaded condition. These findings suggest that the osteocyte network negatively regulate bone mass by inhibiting osteoblast function and activating osteoclastogenesis, and these functions are augmented in the unloaded condition at least partly through the upregulation of Rankl expression in osteoblasts and that of Sost in osteocytes, although it cannot be excluded that low BCL2 transgene expression in osteoblasts contributed to the enhanced osteoblast function.
Highlights
Bone tissue is able to adapt its mass and three-dimensional structure to the prevailing mechanical usage to achieve higher load-bearing efficiency [1]
We examined the effects of osteocyte apoptosis and the reductions in the numbers of osteocytes and their processes on bone formation and resorption using BCL2 transgenic mice at 4 months of age, when transferase-mediated dUTP nick endlabeling (TUNEL)-positive lacunae were most accumulated, the number of osteocytes was reduced, and osteocyte network was most severely disturbed, but the expression of transgene was reduced, to minimize the effects of the transgene on osteoblasts and osteocytes
We found that osteoblast function was enhanced and osteoclastogenesis was inhibited in BCL2 transgenic mice at 4 months of age
Summary
Bone tissue is able to adapt its mass and three-dimensional structure to the prevailing mechanical usage to achieve higher load-bearing efficiency [1]. Marotti et al theorized that osteocytes inhibit osteoblasts by means of inhibitory signals transmitted via gap junctions and recruit selected osteoblasts to the osteocyte lineage [9]. In accordance with this theory, osteocyte density and bone formation rate were inversely related [10], [11]. Sclerostin, the SOST gene protein product, is expressed in osteocytes and inhibits osteoblast function and bone formation by antagonizing canonical Wnt signaling through the binding to Wnt co-receptor low density lipoprotein receptorrelated protein (LRP) 5 and LRP6, and Sost-deficient mice are resistant to bone loss at unloading [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20]
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