Abstract
BackgroundThe oral cavity is a complex environment in which periodontal tissue is constantly stimulated by external microorganisms and mechanical forces. Proper mechanical force helps maintain periodontal tissue homeostasis, and improper inflammatory response can break the balance. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play crucial roles in responding to these challenges and maintaining the homeostasis of periodontal tissue. However, the mechanisms underlying PDL cell property changes induced by inflammatory and mechanical force microenvironments are still unclear. Recent studies have shown that exosomes function as a means of cell-cell and cell-matrix communication in biological processes.MethodsHuman periodontal ligament stem cells (HPDLSCs) were tested by the CCK8 assay, EdU, alizarin red, and ALP staining to evaluate the functions of exosomes induced by a mechanical strain. MicroRNA sequencing was used to find the discrepancy miRNA in exosomes. In addition, real-time PCR, FISH, luciferase reporter assay, and western blotting assay were used to investigate the mechanism of miR-181b-5p regulating proliferation and osteogenic differentiation through the PTEN/AKT pathway.ResultsIn this study, the exosomes secreted by MLO-Y4 cells exposed to mechanical strain (Exosome-MS) contributed to HPDLSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. High-throughput miRNA sequencing showed that miR181b-5p was upregulated in Exosome-MS compared to the exosomes derived from MLO-Y4 cells lacking mechanical strain. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-181b-5p may target phosphatase tension homolog deletion (PTEN). In addition, PTEN was negatively regulated by overexpressing miR-181b-5p. Real-time PCR and western blotting assay verified that miR-181b-5p enhanced the protein kinase B (PKB, also known as AKT) activity and improved downstream factor transcription. Furthermore, miR-181b-5p effectively ameliorated the inhibition of HPDLSC proliferation and promoted HPDLSC induced by inflammation.ConclusionsThis study concluded that exosomes induced by mechanical strain promote HPDLSC proliferation via the miR-181b-5p/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway and promote HPDLSC osteogenic differentiation by BMP2/Runx2, suggesting a potential mechanism for maintaining periodontal homeostasis.
Highlights
The periodontium consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), root cementum, and alveolar bone
High-throughput miRNA sequencing showed that miR181b-5p was upregulated in Exosome-MS compared to the exosomes derived from MLO-Y4 cells lacking mechanical strain
MiR-181b-5p effectively ameliorated the inhibition of Human periodontal ligament stem cell (HPDLSC) proliferation and promoted HPDLSC induced by inflammation
Summary
The periodontium consists of the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL), root cementum, and alveolar bone. The PDL plays a crucial role in periodontium homeostasis, repair, and nutrition [1, 2]. PDLSCs are adult stem cells and were first isolated from human PDL tissue [4]. These cells exhibit potential for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, which may be associated with mechanical loading from mastication or occlusion. Proper mechanical force helps maintain periodontal tissue homeostasis, and improper inflammatory response can break the balance. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play crucial roles in responding to these challenges and maintaining the homeostasis of periodontal tissue. Recent studies have shown that exosomes function as a means of cell-cell and cell-matrix communication in biological processes
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