Abstract
Nanoparticle bioceramics have become anticipated for biomedical applications. Highly bioactive and biodegradable scaffolds would be developed using nanoparticles of β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP). We prepared collagen scaffolds coated by nano‐β‐TCP and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and evaluated the effects on new bone augmentation and biodegradation. The collagen sponge was coated with the nano‐TCP dispersion and freeze‐dried. Scaffold was characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, compressive testing and cell seeding. Subsequently, the nano‐β‐TCP/collagen scaffold, collagen sponge, and each material loaded with FGF2 were implanted on rat cranial bone. As a control, no implantation was performed. Nano‐TCP particles were found to be attached to the fibers of the collagen sponge by SEM and TEM observations. Scaffold coated with nano‐TCP showed higher compressive strength and cytocompatibility. In histological evaluations at 10 days, inflammatory cells were rarely seen around the residual scaffold, suggesting that the nano‐TCP material possesses good tissue compatibility. At 35 days, bone augmentation and scaffold degradation in histological samples receiving nano‐β‐TCP scaffold were significantly greater than those in the control. By loading of FGF2, advanced bone formation is facilitated, indicating that a combination with FGF2 would be effective for bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Tissue engineering strategies involving three major elements: cells, growth and differentiation factors, and natural or artificial scaffolds have been developed for use in various tissues of the human body
It was reported that the scaffold of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bioceramic composites possessed mechanical integrity, microstructural properties, and biocompatibility
From SEM and TEM observation, nanosized β-TCP particles attached to the surface of collagen sponge fibers (Figures 3(a), 3(b), 3(c), 3(d), and 3(e))
Summary
Tissue engineering strategies involving three major elements: cells, growth and differentiation factors, and natural or artificial scaffolds have been developed for use in various tissues of the human body. Bioceramic scaffolds such as calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite (HA) [2, 3], and bioactive glass [4] have been applied in various artificially synthesized forms in bone tissue engineering [5]. It was reported that the scaffold of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bioceramic composites possessed mechanical integrity, microstructural properties, and biocompatibility. Degradation of TCP was demonstrated when compared to the HA scaffold [6,7,8], suggesting that regenerating cells and tissues may receive inorganic ions for osteogenesis. The β-TCP scaffold in combination with various growth factors has been shown to stimulate bone augmentation [9, 10]. Bone graft substitutes using β-TCP have been used in the orthopedic and dental fields [11, 12]
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