Abstract
The main aim of bone tissue engineering is to fabricate highly biocompatible, osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive biomaterials for tissue regeneration. Bone implants should support bone growth at the implantation site via promotion of osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and formation of bone extracellular matrix. Moreover, a very desired feature of biomaterials for clinical applications is their osteoinductivity, which means the ability of the material to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward bone-building cells (osteoblasts). Nevertheless, the development of completely biocompatible biomaterials with appropriate physicochemical and mechanical properties poses a great challenge for the researchers. Thus, the current trend in the engineering of biomaterials focuses on the surface modifications to improve biological properties of bone implants. This review presents the most recent findings concerning surface modifications of biomaterials to improve their osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity. The article describes two types of surface modifications: (1) Additive and (2) subtractive, indicating biological effects of the resultant surfaces in vitro and/or in vivo. The review article summarizes known additive modifications, such as plasma treatment, magnetron sputtering, and preparation of inorganic, organic, and composite coatings on the implants. It also presents some common subtractive processes applied for surface modifications of the biomaterials (i.e., acid etching, sand blasting, grit blasting, sand-blasted large-grit acid etched (SLA), anodizing, and laser methods). In summary, the article is an excellent compendium on the surface modifications and development of advanced osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive coatings on biomaterials for bone regeneration.
Highlights
The main aim of bone tissue engineering is to fabricate highly biocompatible, osteoconductive and/or osteoinductive biomaterials for tissue regeneration
Mori et al [58] used carbon nanotubes to coat a glass surface. Their studies revealed that single-walled carbon nanotubes stimulated osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of rat BMDSCs in vitro that was confirmed by high expression of osteogenic markers like bALP, Runx2, OCN, and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)
The presented review has shown the recent findings in the field of engineering of biomaterials regarding surface modifications of metallic implants or composite biomaterials to improve their biological properties
Summary
Common bone defects caused by trauma, pathological process, infection, and tumor resection represent a global health problem in our aging population. Biopolymer-based implants possess weak mechanical properties and biostability, Currently, there are several manufacturing technologies enabling porous scaffold fabrication which may be improved by blending them with synthetic polymers or by using chemical and Various surface biological properties of the biomaterials for bone regeneration, many combinations of the starting modification techniques have been developed to improve implant osteoconductivity/osteoinductivity materials as well as their surface modifications are often applied. Implant surface modification biomaterials allows toand create more favorable for cells by specific chemical or physical treatment, which improves cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration coatings containing metallic ions, such as silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lithium (Li),. Surface Modifications of Biomaterials to Improve Their Osteoconductivity and Osteoinductivity
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