Osteoclastogenesis in Local Alveolar Bone in Early Decortication-Facilitated Orthodontic Tooth Movement.

Ya-Wen Chen,Long-Hua Gao,Cui-Ying Li,Chang Liu,Hong Qu,Jiu-Hui Jiang,Hai-Cheng Wang,Yu-Xi Jiang,Dengshun Miao

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153937

Abstract

ObjectiveIn the current study, we aimed to investigate the effects of alveolar decortication on local bone remodeling, and to explore the possible mechanism by which decortication facilitates tooth movement.Materials and MethodsForty rabbits were included in the experiment. The left mandible was subjected to decortication-facilitated orthodontics, and the right mandible underwent traditional orthodontics as a control. The animals were sacrificed on the days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14, after undergoing orthodontic procedures. Tooth movement was measured by Micro-CT, and the local periodontal tissues were investigated using H&E, Masson's trichrome and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The mRNA levels of genes related to bone remodeling in the alveolar bone were analyzed using real-time PCR.ResultOn days 3, 5, 7 and 14, tooth movement was statistically accelerated by decortication (P < 0.05) and was accompanied by increased hyperemia. Despite the lack of new bone formation in both groups, more osteoclasts were noted in the decorticated group, with two peak counts (P < 0.05). The first peak count was consistent with the maximum values of ctsk and TRAP expression, and the second peak counts accompanied the maximum nfatc1 and jdp2 expression. The increased fra2 expression and the ratio of rankl/opg also accompanied the second peak counts.ConclusionsFollowing alveolar decortication, osteoclastogenesis was initially induced to a greater degree than the new bone formation which was thought to have caused a regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP). The amount of steoclastogenesis in the decorticated alveolar bone was found to have two peaks, perhaps due to attenuated local resistance. The first peak count in osteoclasts may have been due to previously existing osteoclast precursors, whereas the second may represent the differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells which came from circulation as the result of hyperemia.

Highlights

Alveolar decortication-facilitated orthodontics is a category of new introduced techniques which combines alveolar decortications with orthodontic treatment [1, 2]
Tooth movement was measured by Micro-CT, and the local periodontal tissues were investigated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's trichrome and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining
Osteoclastogenesis was initially induced to a greater degree than the new bone formation which was thought to have caused a regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP)

Summary

Introduction

Alveolar decortication-facilitated orthodontics is a category of new introduced techniques which combines alveolar decortications with orthodontic treatment [1, 2]. Alveolar decortication has been widely used in orthodontics. It was first used to facilitate the correction of maxillary protrusion in 1931 and, since that time, to accelerate tooth movement [2, 4]. Numerous case reports of corticotomy-accelerated orthodontic tooth movement have been published, with excellent outcomes. Micro-CT (microcomputed tomography) scans of various animal models resemble post-fracture images with increased bone remodeling [9,10,11], and demonstrate that the local alveolar bone undergoes demineralization and remineralization successively after decortication [5, 12]. Alveolar decortication-facilitated orthodontics are known as “accelerated osteogenic orthodontics (AOO)” [10]

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Discussion

Conclusion