Abstract
Zirconia is worth studying as an alternative to dental titanium implants to overcome the disadvantages of titanium. This study investigated the surface characteristics of the zirconia implant material and osteoclastogenesis responses on the surface compared with titanium. Yttrium oxide-stabilized 5% tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline specimens were manufactured, and osteoclast-precursor cells were cultured and differentiated into osteoclasts on the specimens. Surface shape, roughness, and chemical composition were evaluated. After culturing, cell morphologies and differentiation capacity were analyzed using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity (TRACP). mRNA of two critical transcription factors, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1) and c-Fos were measured, and protein levels of NFATc1 and c-Fos were investigated. The zirconia specimens had rhomboid-like shapes with smooth surfaces and exhibited no difference in surface roughness compared to the titanium specimens. Morphologies of differentiated osteoclasts on both materials were similar. TRACP activity on the zirconia showed comparable results to that on the titanium. The mRNA value of NFATc1 on the zirconia was higher than that on the titanium at day four. The protein level of c-Fos was expressed thicker on the zirconia when compared to the titanium at day two. The results of this study suggest that zirconia material provides adequate osteoclastogenesis behaviors for dental implant use.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) has been studied for years for dental implants and for medical fields including orthopedic implants because of its great biocompatibility and high bone-tissue affinity [1,2,3].In addition, modification of Ti material itself and Ti surface treatment have been experimented to obtain better properties [4,5,6,7,8]
The disks surfaces were coated with a platinum film and viewed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-Scanning electron microscope (SEM)) (S-4700; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) using an acceleration voltage of 15 kV at three magnifications (×1000; ×5000; ×20,000). 3D images and surface roughness were obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (LSM 5; Pascal, Zeiss, Obercochen, Germany)
Surface Characteristics of the Zirconia and the Titanium Specimens In SEM views, the zirconia specimens had rhomboid-like shapes with smooth surfaces, and the Ti specimens exhibited a flat surface with striped patterns. (Figure 1)
Summary
Titanium (Ti) has been studied for years for dental implants and for medical fields including orthopedic implants because of its great biocompatibility and high bone-tissue affinity [1,2,3].In addition, modification of Ti material itself and Ti surface treatment have been experimented to obtain better properties [4,5,6,7,8]. Titanium (Ti) has been studied for years for dental implants and for medical fields including orthopedic implants because of its great biocompatibility and high bone-tissue affinity [1,2,3]. Bernardi et al [4] investigated the antibacterial properties of anatase-coated titanium healing screws and revealed that the coated screw preserved implant-surrounding tissues from micro-organism. Ti-based alloys are the most widely used as dental implant materials and exhibit good mechanical characteristics and long-term clinical success [9,10]. Clinicians have been forced to study hypersensitivity and allergic reactions in patients with dental implants due to unexplained implant failures [11]
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