Abstract
Recent findings suggest that the bone is an active regulator of energy and glucose metabolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize current evidence in humans. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies support osteocalcin as an active regulator of carbohydrate metabolism in humans, being the muscular load of physical activity one of the possible links between the osteoblast and the insulin axis. This axis could also have been involved in the modulation of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The osteoblast-to-insulin axis seems to act paradoxically in patients with increased growth hormone (acromegaly) and during bone repair. Some possible evolutionary implications are suggested. Osteocalcin may have a role in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism, given the common origin of the osteoblast with the two other cells implicated (adipocytes and muscle cells). Bioactivity of circulating human carboxylated and uncarboxylated osteocalcin should be characterized in depth, especially in those patients with increased concentrations (renal failure). Osteocalcin is one of the clues in the interaction between calcium and glucose metabolism, and the discovery of the osteocalcin receptor will aid in the study of these relationships.
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