Abstract
New biomaterials for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), both resorbable and non-resorbable, are being developed to stimulate bone tissue formation. Thus, the in vitro study of cell behavior towards material surface properties turns a prerequisite to assess both biocompatibility and bioactivity of any material intended to be used for clinical purposes. For this purpose, we have developed in vitro studies on normal human osteoblasts (HOB®) HOB® osteoblasts grown on a resorbable Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) membrane foil functionalized by a very thin film (around 15 nm) of TiO2 (i.e., TiO2/PLGA membranes), designed to be used as barrier membrane. To avoid any alteration of the membranes, the titanium films were deposited at room temperature in one step by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Characterization of the functionalized membranes proved that the thin titanium layer completely covers the PLGA foils that remains practically unmodified in their interior after the deposition process and stands the standard sterilization protocols. Both morphological changes and cytoskeletal reorganization, together with the focal adhesion development observed in HOB osteoblasts, significantly related to TiO2 treated PLGA in which the Ti deposition method described has revealed to be a valuable tool to increase bioactivity of PLGA membranes, by combining cell nanotopography cues with the incorporation of bioactive factors.
Highlights
Bone insufficiency or defects arising from tumor, trauma, or periodontal diseases adversely affects the curative rates in oral medicine and orthopedy
The X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) Ti2p spectrum in the TiO2/poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) samples is characterized by a Ti2p3/2 binding energies (BEs) of 458.4 eV, typical of the Ti4+ oxidation state of this element, proving that titanium is deposited in the form of TiO2
Our results demonstrate that the nanolayer deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) creates a tailored PLGA scaffold in which the titanium oxide nanolayer plays a similar role to the one we have previously described, both for metallic titanium and for nanolayered TiO2 deposited on non resorbable polymers [8], modulating focal adhesion and vinculin pathways
Summary
Bone insufficiency or defects arising from tumor, trauma, or periodontal diseases adversely affects the curative rates in oral medicine and orthopedy. Despite many successful developments and improvements, implant dentistry still faces many challenges. Various risk factors that still exist, such as poor bone quality and quantity, systemic conditions, and smoking, may limit its application and decrease the success rate. In addition to mechanical properties, surgical requirements, and ability to stand sterilization procedures, a biomaterial must interact adequately with the biological environment through its physical/chemical surface [3]. All of these shortcomings highlight the need for the development of better biomaterials for bone regeneration [1]
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