Abstract

The demand of calcium phosphate bioceramics for biomedical applications is constantly increasing. Efficient and cost-effective production can be achieved using naturally derived materials. In this work, calcium phosphate powders, obtained from dolomitic marble and Mytilus galloprovincialis seashells by a previously reported and improved Rathje method were used to fabricate microporous pellets through cold isostatic pressing followed by sintering at 1200 °C. The interaction of the developed materials with MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts was explored in terms of cell adhesion, morphology, viability, proliferation, and differentiation to evaluate their potential for bone regeneration. Results showed appropriate cell adhesion and high viability without distinguishable differences in the morphological features. Likewise, the pre-osteoblast proliferation overtime on both naturally derived calcium phosphate materials showed a statistically significant increase comparable to that of commercial hydroxyapatite, used as reference material. Furthermore, evaluation of the intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis and deposition, used as markers of the osteogenic ability of these bioceramics, revealed that all samples promoted pre-osteoblast differentiation. However, a seashell-derived ceramic demonstrated a higher efficacy in inducing cell differentiation, almost equivalent to that of the commercial hydroxyapatite. Therefore, data obtained demonstrate that this naturally sourced calcium-phosphate material holds promise for applications in bone tissue regeneration.

Highlights

  • The understanding of processes involved in bone biomineralization has led lately to the development of improved biomimetic synthesis methods and the production of a new generation of biomaterials

  • After thermal dissociation and hydration stages, chemical analysis proved the presence of only calcium hydroxide characteristic elements and the conservation of Mg composition for marble-derived samples

  • The results summarize the potential of the adapted Rathje method for naturally derived calcium phosphates synthesis, even from marble precursors, and the importance of thermal derived calcium phosphates synthesis, even the from marbleofprecursors, and themethod importance of thermal

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Summary

Introduction

The understanding of processes involved in bone biomineralization has led lately to the development of improved biomimetic synthesis methods and the production of a new generation of biomaterials. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) emerged as a sustainable bioresource for various calcium phosphates synthesis along with coralline hydroxyapatite [1] and soon became a target subject for the extensive research in the reconstructive orthopedics field. Both the marine (corals, seashells, cockleshells, cuttlefish bones) and terrestrial forms (marble, land snails) of CaCO3 are known as an Materials 2018, 11, 1097; doi:10.3390/ma11071097 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials. Materials 2018, 11, 1097 eco-friendly, sustainable and geographically available resource, but improvements are still necessary in terms of calcium phosphates synthesis parameters [2]. Research carried out has shown that both marine and terrestrial resources can be an appropriate resource for biological phase-pure and thermally stable CPC (calcium phosphate ceramics) production [7]

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