Abstract
Osteoblast viability, proliferation, protein expression and mineralization were studied on bare, micro- and nanoporous silicon (Si) substrates. Micro- and nano-porous-Si substrates were prepared by anodic etching of silicon in ethanolic hydrofluoric acid and characterized using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. Mouse osteoblasts were cultured on these substrates and cellular response to these surfaces was assessed using the Live/Dead Cell Viability assay and the MTT assay for cell proliferation. Osteoblast functionality was assessed using immunohistochemistry for bone protein specific markers. Osteoblasts grew well on micro- and nanoporous silicon substrates over the twenty-one day experimental period supporting the assessment that these are suitable cell supportive surfaces. Cell proliferation rates on bare and nanoporous silicon were similar initially, however, nanoporous silicon displayed enhanced cell proliferation, in comparison to bare silicon, after 14 days in culture. Immunocytochemical assays, using bone specific markers, showed positive reactions for osteonectin and osteopontin expression on all substrates with staining intensity increasing over the 21-day experimental period. Calcium mineral deposits were quantified using the Alizarin Red histochemical assay and nanoporous silicon induced the highest level of calcium mineral production in comparison to bare and microporous silicon. The data supports the potential use of nanoporous silicon as a surface implant coating for dental and orthopedic applications. The ability to dope (and then release) drugs or growth factors from the silicon nanopores offers the potential for a multi-functional implant surface.
Highlights
IntroductionDevices, and implants (hereafter grouped as ‘implants’) have been in widespread use for over fifty years
Dental and orthopedic appliances, devices, and implants have been in widespread use for over fifty years
Of the surface modification methods employed, anodization holds the most promise in designing an implant surface that is nanoporous creating a large surface area that can be functionalized as an application warrants including doping with various drugs or osteogenic agents.This study assessed osteoblast behavior on bare, micro- and nanoporous silicon scaffolds prepared by anodic oxidation
Summary
Devices, and implants (hereafter grouped as ‘implants’) have been in widespread use for over fifty years. In the United States alone, more than half a million people undergo total joint replacement each year and over 50 million yearly receive some form of dental or orthopedic device or implant [2]. Numerous methods have been used to create a nanoporous surface and achieve the desired surface features including blasted surfaces, chemical etching, anodization, porous-sintering, oxidizing, plasma-spraying and hydroxyapatite-coated surfaces, as well as combinations of these procedures (extensively reviewed in references [13,14,15]). It is clear that the dental and orthopedic community need new multi-functional surface coatings with long-term antibacterial properties that prevent biofilm formation on implant surfaces and encourage neotissue formation that promotes successful integration into surrounding tissues. Of the surface modification methods employed, anodization holds the most promise in designing an implant surface that is nanoporous creating a large surface area that can be functionalized as an application warrants including doping with various drugs or osteogenic agents.This study assessed osteoblast behavior on bare, micro- and nanoporous silicon scaffolds prepared by anodic oxidation
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