Osseointegration of Orthodontic Micro-screws After Immediate and Early Loading

Abstract

To investigate the desirable healing time of micro-screws by histomorphologic and histomorphometric evaluations of osseointegration after immediate and early loading. Fifty-four micro-screws were bilaterally placed in the maxillary premolar regions of nine beagles. Then the micro-screws with various healing time of 0 day (0D group), 2 weeks (2W group), and 4 weeks (4W group) were loaded with an orthodontic force (100 g) for 8 weeks. The direction of the orthodontic force was vertical to the long axis of the micro-screws. Hard tissue sections containing micro-screws were prepared for histomorphologic and histomorphometric evaluations. The survival rate of the micro-screws in this study was 100%. Bone remodeling, close contact bone-implant interface, and endochondral ossification were observed in all osseous specimens. Activated osteoblasts aggregated to the bone-implant interface of the 4W group, and lamellar bone was found in the peri-implant regions. Micro-screws of the 2W group were partially surrounded by collagen fibers; and neonatal lines of bone, woven bone, and osteoclasts were found in the peri-implant regions. Micro-screws of the 0D group were surrounded by more collagen fibers compared with the other two groups. Bone implant contact ratios of the three groups were 43.74% (0D group), 66.26% (2W group), and 73.28% (4W group), respectively and statistical differences were significant (ANOVA, P < .01). All micro-screws in the three groups can provide stable orthodontic anchorage. However, to obtain improved stationary anchorage, a 4-week healing time is recommended before orthodontic loading.