Oscillatory electroencephalographic patterns of arithmetic problem solving in fourth graders

Clemens Brunner,Bert De Smedt,Judith Scheucher,Jochen A Mosbacher,Stephan E Vogel,Nikolaus A Koren,Roland H Grabner

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02789-9

Clemens Brunner, Bert De Smedt + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02789-9

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Journal: Scientific Reports	Publication Date: Dec 1, 2021
Citations: 4	License type: open-access

Affiliation: KU Leuven, University of Graz

Abstract

Numerous studies have identified neurophysiological correlates of performing arithmetic in adults. For example, oscillatory electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns associated with retrieval and procedural strategies are well established. Whereas fact retrieval has been linked to enhanced left-hemispheric theta ERS (event-related synchronization), procedural strategies are accompanied by increased bilateral alpha ERD (event-related desynchronization). It is currently not clear if these findings generalize to children. Our study is the first to investigate oscillatory EEG activity related to strategy use and arithmetic operations in children. We assessed ERD/ERS correlates of 31 children in fourth grade (aged between nine and ten years) during arithmetic problem solving. We presented multiplication and subtraction problems, which children solved with fact retrieval or a procedure. We analyzed these four problem categories (retrieved multiplications, retrieved subtractions, procedural multiplications, and procedural subtractions) in our study. In summary, we found similar strategy-related patterns to those reported in previous studies with adults. That is, retrieval problems elicited stronger left-hemispheric theta ERS and weaker alpha ERD as compared to procedural problems. Interestingly, we observed neurophysiological differences between multiplications and subtractions within retrieval problems. Although there were no response time or accuracy differences, retrieved multiplications were accompanied by larger theta ERS than retrieved subtractions. This finding could indicate that retrieval of multiplication and subtraction facts are distinct processes, and/or that multiplications are more frequently retrieved than subtractions in this age group.

Highlights

IntroductionBecause adults solve small problems primarily via fact retrieval and large problems primarily via procedures, many studies have used problem size as a proxy for strategy use[12, 17]
Our study aims to assess event-related desynchronization and synchronization (ERD/ERS) patterns related to strategy use and operations in fourth graders
Our study explored oscillatory ERD/ERS patterns in fourth graders solving multiplication and subtraction problems

Summary

Introduction

Because adults solve small problems primarily via fact retrieval and large problems primarily via procedures, many studies have used problem size as a proxy for strategy use[12, 17]. Whereas retrieving arithmetic facts from memory is associated with stronger activation of the left angular gyrus, procedural strategies are associated with increased activation in a widespread fronto-parietal network[25]. These networks are superficially similar in children and adults, there are notable differences. EEG equipment is relatively inexpensive, portable, and can be used more with children even outside of laboratories[5] For these reasons, we decided to use EEG to assess neurophysiological patterns of arithmetic in children. Alpha ERD (around 8–12 Hz) is associated with increased task difficulty, more efficient task performance, and increased effort and attention[35, 39]

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