Abstract
they are often reflexed (not completely recurved except in old capsules), i.e. remain patent or spreading, acquiring a star-shaped look. Moreover, O. mandonii possesses eight or 16 endostome segments, linear or long triangular and appendiculate, very different to the eight stout, obclavate segments of O. armatum. Finally, although some characters are also shared with O. armatum, any confusion with O. steeri is unlikely because it is a much larger moss, with distinct undulate leaves. This peculiar South American Orthotrichum also has larger spores (35– 45 mm after Lewinsky, 1987), but they are multicellular spores, a unique trait in the group and very uncommon within the Orthotrichaceae (Caparros et al., 2011). This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CGL2010-15693 and CGL2011-28857/BOS).
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