Orthopaedic Shoulder and Elbow Fellowship Directors in the United States Have Substantial Research Output but Lack Diversity

Abstract

To investigate the characteristics of shoulder and elbow fellowship directors (FDs). FDs for shoulder and elbow fellowship programs in the United States were identified. Demographic, educational, and professional background data were collected from available curricula vitarum, institutional biographies, and the Scopus database. Data collected included age, sex, race/ethnicity, training locations, graduation years, advanced degrees, current institutional information, and personal research H-index. Thirty current orthopaedic shoulder and elbow FDs were identified. The mean Scopus H-index was 25.5. The mean age of FDs was 52.1 years. In total, 29 FDs (96.7%) were male and 1 (3.3%) was female. In addition, 25 of the 30 (83.3%) were White (83.3%), 4 were Asian, and 1 (3.3%) was Hispanic. Two (6.7%) had a military affiliation. Mean time from fellowship training graduation to FD appointment was 13.5 years. Mean number of years as FD was 6.1 years, whereas the number of years tenure with an FD-affiliated institution was 13.0 years. Mean calendar years for completion of orthopaedic residency training and fellowship training were 1998 and 2000, respectively. The residencies that produced the most future FDs were Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (n= 2) and University of Nebraska Medical Center/Creighton University Health Foundation (n= 2). The fellowship that produced the most future FDs was Columbia University (n= 6). Moderate correlation was found between age and Scopus H-index (r= 0.48; P= .04) and years as FD and Scopus H-index (r= 0.42; P= .03). Women and minorities are under-represented in leadership positions in shoulder and elbow surgery. Shoulder and elbow FDs have the highest H-index of any subspecialty reported in the orthopaedic literature. Research productivity is an important qualification when considering the characteristics of shoulder and elbow FDs. Fellowship directors can have a profound influence on current and future orthopaedic surgeons. It is important to identify the traits that characterize current fellowship directors to have a better understanding of who we choose as leaders in our field.