Abstract
Several biologically active substances representing the bone deposition and resorption processes are released following damage to periodontal tissue during orthodontic movement. Biomarkers are by definition objective, quantifiable characteristics of biological processes. The analysis of saliva/salivary fluid and Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be an accepted way to examine the ongoing biochemical processes associated with bone turnover during orthodontic tooth movement and fixed orthodontic treatment pain. Assessing the presence of these salivary physiological biomarkers would benefit the clinician in appropriate pain diagnosis and management objectively of various problems encountered during the orthodontic procedures and for better outcome of biomechanical therapy. Due to lack of standardized collection procedure, even though well accepted by patients, saliva is often neglected as a body fluid of diagnostic and prognostic value. A literature search was carried out in major databases such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus and EMBASE for relevant studies. Publication in English between 2000 to 2021 which estimated Saliva markers as indicators of orthodontic tooth movement was included. The list of biomarkers available to date was compiled and is presented in table format. Each biomarker is discussed separately based on the available and collected evidences. Several sensitive salivary and GCF biomarkers are available to detect the biomechanical changes occurring during orthodontic tooth movement and pain occurring during fixed orthodontic therapy. Further focussed research might help to analyze the sensitivity and reliability of these biomarkers or cytokines, which in turn can lead to the development of chairside tests to assess the pain experienced by patients during orthodontic therapy and finally the outcome of the fixed orthodontic therapy.
Highlights
Biomarkers are—quantifiable criteria of biological processes that provide indications objectively
This knowledge of the ongoing process occurring in periodontal tissues during orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic therapies in turn may help us to make proper choice of mechanical orthodontic loading, the amount of orthodontic force application during the treatment and period of treatment may be shortened
The essential goal is to develop a screen test based on these factors or biological markers that could be used non-invasively and by the orthodontist at chairside to monitor the ongoing process and detect early root resorption
Summary
Biomarkers are—quantifiable criteria of biological processes that provide indications objectively. The analysis of saliva/ salivary fluid and Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) may be examined to monitor biological process/progress. Induction of biologically active compounds occur inside the periodontium due to the orthodontic treatment which eventually induces cellular response in different microenvironment for biological response [1]. Orthodontic treatment is considered successful by three major factors namely periodontal health, oral hygiene and optimal orthodontic forces [1, 2]. Other important features of the biomarkers are specificity and sensitivity, which will have the ability to notify the biological conditions/changes occurring during any process/procedures [4]. Adequate knowledge about the cellular and biological processes makes it easier to understand the biological mechanics that can shorten the treatment time avoiding the detrimental effects linked to the orthodontic treatment due to its objective characteristics [3, 4]
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