Abstract
BackgroundThe purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of the bonding procedure on the mechanical properties of human enamel.MethodsA total of 20 extracted human premolars were included in this study, with the half of each tooth acting as its own internal control. Embedded and horizontally cut specimens were prepared, and two bucco-orally zones were separated. The first enamel zone of each tooth remained untreated. The opposing zone was subjected to simulated bonding and debonding, including etching with 37% phosphoric acid, bonding with primer and flowable composite resin, and subsequent removal of the composite with an adhesive removal bur. The properties tested were (a) elemental composition by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, (b) mechanical properties of specimens by instrumented indentation testing (Martens hardness, elastic modulus, and elastic index), (c) enamel morphology by low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy, and (d) molecular composition by Raman microspectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way mixed-effects analysis of variance at a = 0.05.ResultsNo significant differences could be found in the mechanical properties (Martens hardness, elastic modulus, and elastic index) and elemental composition of intact and treated enamel, with the possible exception of Si traces, which were found only in the latter. Raman analysis revealed no differences between the two surface states while shallow grooves and parallel lines were found on the surface of treated enamel by SEM analysis.ConclusionsUnder the limitations of the conditions of the study, there were no mechanical properties’ alterations on enamel subjected to orthodontic bonding.
Highlights
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of the bonding procedure on the mechanical properties of human enamel
Background bonding to tooth tissues has long been of particular interest in dentistry, the introduction of the acid etch method by Buonocore was revolutionary [1]
The adverse effects of the acid etch bonding protocol are of particular importance in orthodontics for several reasons
Summary
The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of the bonding procedure on the mechanical properties of human enamel. Bonding to tooth tissues has long been of particular interest in dentistry, the introduction of the acid etch method by Buonocore was revolutionary [1]. This technique enabled through the inherent enamel’s anatomy the utilization of adhesive penetration in terms of resin tags [2] in order to increase retention of the bonded material to the tooth. The idea of permanent adverse effects on their dental tissues might be viewed with trepidation It is not uncommon for orthodontic patients to have several brackets being rebounded during treatment owing to bracket-enamel failure during mastication, a fact which implies that these patients experience additional loss of tooth substance. Post-debonding protocols involving removal of adhesive residuals with various rotary abrasive tools or hand instruments may increase the roughness of the enamel surface [12] and may further lead to color alterations [13]
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