Origins and paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic significance of laminated sediments of middle Pleistocene age from the southern Bering Sea

Abstract

Laminated diatomaceous sediments occur intermittently in the Bering Sea over the past 5 million years. A varve (annually deposited) origin for the laminae has been suggested, but there is currently no consensus. Here, we report results of a study of two laminated intervals dating from ∼528 ka and ∼ 782 ka from IODP Site U1340 on the Bowers Ridge. We combine conventional micropaleontological methods with scanning electron microscope analysis that resolves the seasonal cycle of flux events recorded and demonstrates an annual origin for the laminae. Resting spores of Chaetoceros spp., and more rarely of Thalassiosira antarctica represent early spring blooms with the latter likely due to increased meltwater input. Diatom laminae containing concentrations of Shionodiscus trifultus, Thalassiosira spp., Actinocyclus curvulatus, and Neodenticula seminae, represent flux from the main spring-summer bloom episodes, with the latter indicating influx of seed populations from the North Pacific Alaskan Stream. Concentrations of Coscinodiscus spp. in the uppermost part of the diatom laminae represent “Fall Dump” sedimentation of these stratified-adapted diatoms in response to break down of summer stratification in autumn/early-winter storms. The lithogenic laminae represent mainly winter deposition and rare earth element analysis suggests provenance from the southern Bering Sea shelf and the Aleutian Arc. Productivity was high in the studied intervals with total mass fluxes around 5 times higher than modern values. Variation in lamina thickness and diatom composition contain periodicities of 2–8 years, as well as a bi-decadal variability likely related to influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.