Abstract
Feed supplements are utilized in the poultry industry as a means for improving growth performance and reducing pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Diamond V Original XPCTM (XPC, a fermented product generated from yeast cultures) on Salmonella Typhimurium ST 97 along with its potential for modulation of the cecal microbiota by using an anaerobic in vitro mixed culture assay. Cecal slurries obtained from three broiler chickens at each of three sampling ages (14, 28, and 42 days) were generated and exposed to a 24 h pre-incubation period with the various treatments: XPC (1% XPC, ceca, and feeds), CO (ceca only), and NC (negative control) group consisting of ceca and feeds. The XPC, CO, and NC were each challenged with S. Typhimurium and subsequently plated on selective media at 0, 24, and 48 h. Plating results indicated that the XPC treatment significantly reduced the survival of S. Typhimurium at the 24 h plating time point for both the 28 and 42 days bird sampling ages, while S. Typhimurium reduction in the NC appeared to eventually reach the same population survival level at the 48 h plating time point. For microbiome analysis, Trial 1 revealed that XPC, CO, and NC groups exhibited a similar pattern of taxa summary. However, more Bacteroidetes were observed in the CO group at 24 and 48 h. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in alpha diversity among samples based on day, hour and treatment. For beta diversity analysis, a pattern shift was observed when samples clustered according to sampling hour. In Trial 2, both XPC and NC groups exhibited the highest Firmicutes level at 0 h but the Bacteroidetes group became dominant at 6 h. Complexity of alpha diversity was increased in the initial contents from older birds and became less complex after 6 h of incubation. Beta diversity analysis was clustered as a function of treatment NC and XPC groups and by individual hours including 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Overall, addition of XPC influenced microbiome diversity in a similar fashion to the profile of the NC group.
Highlights
Prebiotics are often used in the poultry industry as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs); they are expected to maximize growth, while minimizing pathogen invasion by selectively stimulating beneficial bacteria (Roberfroid, 2007)
Salmonella Typhimurium cultures were grown in 6 mL Luria Bertani (LB) broth supplemented with 20 μg/mL nalidixic acid (NA) for 16 h with shaking at 37◦C and washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) three times and resuspended in 1 mL PBS
Research efforts directed toward evaluating the effectiveness of in feed supplements seeking to fill the gap left due to the industry wide trend of AGP removal from animal feed becoming commonplace
Summary
Prebiotics are often used in the poultry industry as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs); they are expected to maximize growth, while minimizing pathogen invasion by selectively stimulating beneficial bacteria (Roberfroid, 2007). The definition of a prebiotic and similar acting compounds is being re-evaluated as more has become understood about the gastrointestinal microbiome and its corresponding response to these types of compounds (Hutkins et al, 2015; Ricke, 2016; Ricke et al, 2017) With this in mind, there are several feed supplements available that do not fit the more stringent version of the prebiotic definition as set by Gibson and Roberfroid (1995), yet still do appear to provide advantageous benefits to host health. There are several feed supplements available that do not fit the more stringent version of the prebiotic definition as set by Gibson and Roberfroid (1995), yet still do appear to provide advantageous benefits to host health These feed supplements are known as prebiotic-like compounds (Roto et al, 2015). Research regarding XPC has been conducted in several different animal model systems, both in vivo and in vitro, to investigate its effects on the health of host (Gao et al, 2008; Osweiler et al, 2010; Price et al, 2010; Rubinelli et al, 2016)
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