Abstract
All complex life on Earth is composed of ‘eukaryotic’ cells. Eukaryotes arose just once in 4 billion years, via an endosymbiosis — bacteria entered a simple host cell, evolving into mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of complex cells. Mitochondria lost most of their genes, retaining only those needed for respiration, giving eukaryotes ‘multi-bacterial’ power without the costs of maintaining thousands of complete bacterial genomes. These energy savings supported a substantial expansion in nuclear genome size, and far more protein synthesis from each gene.
Highlights
Thank you for the very kind introduction and thank you for the invitation, this has been an absolutely wonderful meeting, I have learned a great deal
This was all a bit shocking because the animals, the fungi, the plants were compressed into this small corner of the Tree of Life. This was a Copernican revolution in biology because again it pushes us into a small inconsequential corner of the universe, even of life, and it’s difficult to accept but it’s true
That’s twice as Euglena many as we have. These are complex cells, but so many genes is they do an awful lot of stuff is there so much genetic variation within these two groups? inside that single cell
Summary
All complex life on Earth is composed of ‘eukaryotic’ cells. Eukaryotes arose just once in 4 billion years, via an endosymbiosis — bacteria entered a simple host cell, evolving into mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of complex cells. This is an evolutionary scandal by his end up with something rather like the world that we have at terms — all complex life is composed of eukaryotic cells They the moment, if you were to wind back the clock to the origin only arose once and we all share not just the physical strucof life and let it play forward again. I will put some ideas forward...these are not by any means the only ideas and we don’t have facts to prove anything yet This looks like some kind of a bottleneck, it looks as if perhaps the conditions changed and the reason that eukaryotes suddenly took over the world is perhaps there’s been a snowball earth, we know there was a snowball earth about 2.3 billion years ago and another one around 700 million years ago. What we seem to see is something more like this, and I shall
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