Origin of the Distinctive Electronic Structure of Co- and Fe-Porphyrin-Nitrene and Its Effect on Their Nitrene Transfer Reactivity

Abstract

Metal-bound nitrene species are the crucial intermediate in catalytic nitrene transfer reactions exhibited by engineered enzymes and molecular catalysts. The electronic structure of such species and its correlation with nitrene transfer reactivity have not been fully understood yet. This work presents an in-depth electronic structure analysis and nitrene transfer reactivity of two prototypical metal-nitrene species derived from CoII(TPP) and FeII(TPP) (TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrin) complexes and tosyl azide nitrene precursor. Parallel to the well-known "cobalt(III)-imidyl" electronic structure of the Co-porphyrin-nitrene species, the formation mechanism and electronic structure of the elusive Fe-porphyrin-nitrene have been established using density functional theory (DFT) and multiconfigurational complete active-space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations. Electronic structure evolution analysis for the metal-nitrene formation step and CASSCF-derived natural orbitals advocates that the electronic nature of the metal-nitrene (M-N) core of Fe(TPP) is strikingly different from that of the Co(TPP). Specifically, the "imidyl" nature of the Co-porphyrin-nitrene [(TPP)CoIII-•NTos] (Tos = tosyl) (I1Co) is contrasted by the "imido-like" character of the Fe-porphyrin-nitrene [(TPP)FeIV[Formula: see text]NTos] (I1Fe). This difference between Co- and Fe-nitrene has been attributed to the additional interactions between Fe-dπ and N-pπ orbitals in Fe-nitrene, which is further complemented by the shortened Fe-N bond length of 1.71 Å. This stronger M-N bond in Fe-nitrene compared to the Co-nitrene is also reflected in the higher exothermicity (ΔΔH = 16 kcal/mol) of the Fe-nitrene formation step. The "imido-like" character renders a relatively lower spin population on the nitrene nitrogen (+0.42) in the Fe-nitrene complex I1Fe, which undergoes the nitrene transfer to the C═C bond of styrene with a considerably higher enthalpy barrier (ΔH‡ = 10.0 kcal/mol) compared to the Co congener I1Co (ΔH‡ = 5.6 kcal/mol) possessing a higher nitrogen spin population (+0.88) and a relatively weaker M-N bond (Co-N = 1.80 Å).