Origin of the Boosting Effect of Polyoxometalates in Photocatalysis: The Case of CO2 Reduction by a Rh-Containing Metal–Organic Framework

Abstract

The immobilization of polyoxometalates (POMs) near catalytic centers of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been reported as an advantageous strategy to boost their photocatalytic activity toward strategic reactions such as CO2 reduction (CO2RR) or hydrogen evolution (HER), although the reasons for such enhancement are still poorly understood. Unveiling the role of POM guests in the reaction mechanisms is therefore a key step toward the development of the next generation of multicomponent catalytic materials with optimal photocatalytic performances. Here, we elucidate the remarkable role of encapsulated [PW12O40]3– (PW12) polyoxometalates in boosting the photocatalytic activity of the Rh-functionalized UiO-67 MOF toward CO2RR and HER by combining theoretical density functional theory and microkinetic modeling approaches with experimental photophysical and spectroscopic techniques. First, we characterized in detail the reaction mechanism for CO2RR and HER catalyzed by the PW12-containing Rh-functionalized MOF, using [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as the photosensitizer (PS) and triethanolamine (TEOA) as the sacrificial electron donor in acetonitrile. Our results reveal that the encapsulated POMs act as efficient electron reservoirs, which quench [Ru(bpy)3]+─the photogenerated reduced form of the PS─and transfer the electrons to the Rh catalytic sites of the MOF. Notably, this is shown to favor the regeneration of the oxidized PS over its unproductive degradation, boosting the turnover numbers of the photocatalytic system. Such a mechanism can explain not only the higher formate and H2 product yields in the POM-containing catalyst but also the experimentally observed higher impact on the HER pathway than that on the CO2RR one, as the source of protons is generated in the reductive quenching of the photoexcited PS by TEOA. Finally, our computational exploration was extended to a whole variety of POMs, which allowed establishing relationships between their redox potentials and the activity of the related POM-containing catalytic materials. The optimal activity is reached when both the ability of the POM to accept electrons and that of its reduced form to reduce the Rh catalyst are simultaneously maximized, leading to a volcano plot whereby POMs with a moderate redox potential display the highest impact on photocatalytic performances.