Origin of star-forming rings around massive centres in massive galaxies at z < 4

Abstract

ABSTRACT Using analytic modelling and simulations, we address the origin of an abundance of star-forming clumpy extended gas rings about massive central bodies in massive galaxies at z < 4. Rings form by high-angular-momentum streams and survive in galaxies of Mstar > 109.5–10 M⊙ where merger-driven spin flips and supernova feedback are ineffective. The rings survive after events of compaction to central nuggets. Ring longevity was unexpected based on inward mass transport driven by torques from violent disc instability. However, evaluating the torques from a tightly wound spiral structure, we find that the time-scale for transport per orbital time is long and $\propto \! \delta _{\rm d}^{-3}$, with δd the cold-to-total mass ratio interior to the ring. A long-lived ring forms when the ring transport is slower than its replenishment by accretion and the interior depletion by star formation rate, both valid for δd < 0.3. The central mass that lowers δd is a compaction-driven bulge and/or dark matter, aided by the lower gas fraction at z < 4, provided that it is not too low. The ring is Toomre unstable for clump and star formation. The high-z dynamic rings are not likely to arise form secular resonances or collisions. Active galactic nucleus feedback is not expected to affect the rings. Mock images of simulated rings through dust indicate qualitative consistency with observed rings about bulges in massive z ∼ 0.5–3 galaxies, in H α and deep HST imaging. ALMA mock images indicate that z ∼ 0.5–1 rings should be detectable. We quote expected observable properties of rings and their central nuggets.