Origin of calcite cements in the Permian Lucaogou Formation tight reservoirs, Jimsar sag, Junggar basin, NW China: Constraints from geochemistry

Abstract

Understanding the diagenetic evolution of carbonate cementation in hydrocarbon reservoirs is critical to better reconstruct the history of fluid flow during petroleum accumulation. The extensive occurrence of carbonate cements within the lower Permian Lucaogou Formation tight reservoirs is regarded as a major diagenetic factor that causes strong hydrocarbon reservoir heterogeneities. Petrographic and geochemical analyses, including optical microscopy fitted with cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy, carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, in situ rare earth element, as well as fluid inclusion microthermometry, were carried out to decipher the origin of calcite cementation and understand its control on reservoirs quality. Petrography shows that the precipitating cements mostly consist of pore-filling blocky/mosaic calcite, with a dull orange luminescence color. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and C–O isotopic compositions of these calcite cements exhibit strongly negative Eu and Tb anomalies, enrichment in light REE, positive carbon (δ13CPDB = 0.58‰–7.45‰) and negative oxygen (δ18OPDB = −11.38‰ to −8.61‰) isotopic values, similar to the dolostone and micritized peloidal grains, suggesting that the calcite-precipitating fluids were derived from dissolution of lacustrine depositional carbonates. The relative timing of calcite precipitation in reservoirs was constrained based on the thermal-burial history of the study region and precipitation temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions. The results show that this cementation episode mainly occurred during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, which was synchronous with the tectonic uplift event. Moreover, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and geochemical signatures of the calcite cement are similar to those of the fracture-fillings, suggesting that these two calcite phases may be genetically related and form coevally within one fluid flow system. It can be interpreted as a response to the compressional tectonic deformation given by the collision of the Qiangtang Block with the Eurasia Plate. This tectonic deformation event is regarded as the driver for calcite precipitation during the early burial stage, resulting in a considerable reduction of reservoir quality. Calcite cementation is pervasive and may play a main role in halting hydrocarbon migration through some of the permeable pathways in reservoirs.