Abstract
Many genera and species of present-day aecial rusts on seed plants are derived directly or indirectly from a limited group of these pathogens on northern conifers, whereas conifer rusts are believed to have descended from their progenitors on ferns. It is worth noting that only the Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae serve as alternate hosts to an extensive rust flora on ferns and angiosperms which are distributed predominantly in the northern hemisphere. Numerous conifers in the southern hemisphere do not bear rusts, except a few endemic species on Araucariaceae in Malaysia and south central Chile.
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