Abstract
In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision. The use of papers in the design the electrochemical biosensors confers to these analytical tools several interesting features such as the management of the solution flow without external equipment, the fabrication of reagent-free devices exploiting the porosity of the paper to store the reagents, and the unprecedented capability to detect the target analyte in gas phase without any sampling system. Furthermore, cost-effective fabrication using printing technologies, including wax and screen-printing, combined with the use of this eco-friendly substrate and the possibility of reducing waste management after measuring by the incineration of the sensor, designate these type of sensors as eco-designed analytical tools. Additionally, the foldability feature of the paper has been recently exploited to design and fabricate 3D multifarious biosensors, which are able to detect different target analytes by using enzymes, antibodies, DNA, molecularly imprinted polymers, and cells as biocomponents. Interestingly, the 3D structure has recently boosted the self-powered paper-based biosensors, opening new frontiers in origami devices. This review aims to give an overview of the current state origami paper-based biosensors, pointing out how the foldability of the paper allows for the development of sensitive, selective, and easy-to-use smart and sustainable analytical devices.
Highlights
In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment to provide a blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, both and in the future
Analytical chemistry could carry out many activities to achieve the different sustainable development goals (SDGs), starting by ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages (SDG3), through sustainable management of water and sanitation for all (SDG6), and conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources, for sustainable development (SDG14), since the detection of biomarkers, pollutants, food quality indicators, among others are needed to achieve
We reported, to our knowledge, the first review focused on electrochemical origami-paper based biosensors furnishing an overview of how the foldability features can generate interesting configurations of enzymatic, immuno, DNA, cell, and molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) biosensors, enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and easiness to carry out measurements (Table 1)
Summary
In 2015, all United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable. Development to provide a blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, both and in the future. Chemistry has recently opened the concept of White Analytical Chemistry which extends and complements the Green Analytical Chemistry vision for giving coherence and synergy of the analytical, ecological, and practical attributes [2] In this context, electrochemical (bio)sensors match several features such as the avoiding of organic solvents, the reduction of reagent consumption, the capability to measure on-site, and the reduced sample treatment, to name a few. We reported, to our knowledge, the first review focused on electrochemical origami-paper based biosensors furnishing an overview of how the foldability features can generate interesting configurations of enzymatic, immuno-, DNA, cell, and molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) biosensors, enhancing the sensitivity, selectivity, and easiness to carry out measurements (Table 1). AgNPs, silver nanoparticles; MBs, magnetic beads; MWCNTs, multiple wallet carbon nanotubes; THI, thionine; AuNPs, gold nanoparticles; Ag@BSA, bovine serum protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles; spAb, monoclonal mouse anti-human TFF3 solid-phase Ab; mpAb, monoclonal rabbit anti-human TFF3 mobile-phase antibody; 2◦ mpAb, Biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary mobile-phase antibody; dsDNA, double strand DNA; GO, graphene oxide; IL, ionic liquid; GN, graphene; ABEI, N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol); ssDNA, single strand DNA sequence; CdS NPs, cadmium sulfide nanoparticles; GOx, glucose oxidase
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