Abstract
Achieving oriented and ordered remineralization on the surface of demineralized dental enamel, thereby restoring the satisfactory mechanical properties approaching those of sound enamel, is still a challenge for dentists. To mimic the natural biomineralization approach for enamel remineralization, the biological process of enamel development proteins, such as amelogenin, was simulated in this study. In this work, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) conjugated with alendronate (ALN) was applied to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to form CMC/ACP nanoparticles. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) functioned as the protease which decompose amelogenin in vivo to degrade the CMC-ALN matrix and generate HAP@ACP core-shell nanoparticles. Finally, when guided by 10 mM glycine (Gly), HAP@ACP nanoparticles can arrange orderly and subsequently transform from an amorphous phase to well-ordered rod-like apatite crystals to achieve oriented and ordered biomimetic remineralization on acid-etched enamel surfaces. This biomimetic remineralization process is achieved through the oriented attachment (OA) of nanoparticles based on non-classical crystallization theory. These results indicate that finding and developing analogues of natural proteins such as amelogenin involved in the biomineralization by natural macromolecular polymers and imitating the process of biomineralization would be an effective strategy for enamel remineralization. Furthermore, this method represents a promising method for the management of early caries in minimal invasive dentistry (MID).
Highlights
Processing of Novel Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Three-ring East Road, Beijing 100029, P.R
It was hypothesized that these nanoparticles are composed of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and proteins associated with biomineralization[18,19]
We found that carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), a derivative of chitosan that is rich in carboxyl groups, can facilitate the stabilization of ACP nanoparticles as nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP in solution because of its chelating capacity
Summary
Processing of Novel Polymer, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Three-ring East Road, Beijing 100029, P.R. The interior of the oligomers can stabilize ACP nanoparticles via electrostatic interactions; these transiently stable mineral nanoparticles can assemble into linear chains, arrange in close proximity and subsequently fuse and transform into needle-shaped HAP crystals that organize as parallel arrays. This mineralization pattern in vitro is similar to that of the development of HAP crystals in enamel found by Robinson et al.[22]. It is believed that amino acids or proteins could interact with the HAP over the thin ACP layer[33,34,35], which explains why Gly can guide HAP@ACP core-shell nanoparticles into oriented and ordered arrays
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