Abstract
Organotin (OTs) compounds are organometallic compounds that are widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides, paints, and others. OTs are released into the environment by anthropogenic actions, leading to contact with aquatic and terrestrial organisms that occur in animal feeding. Although OTs are degraded environmentally, reports have shown the effects of this contamination over the years because it can affect organisms of different trophic levels. OTs act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which can lead to several abnormalities in organisms. In male animals, OTs decrease the weights of the testis and epididymis and reduce the spermatid count, among other dysfunctions. In female animals, OTs alter the weights of the ovaries and uteri and induce damage to the ovaries. In addition, OTs prevent fetal implantation and reduce mammalian pregnancy rates. OTs cross the placental barrier and accumulate in the placental and fetal tissues. Exposure to OTs in utero leads to the accumulation of lipid droplets in the Sertoli cells and gonocytes of male offspring in addition to inducing early puberty in females. In both genders, this damage is associated with the imbalance of sex hormones and the modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Here, we report that OTs act as reproductive disruptors in vertebrate studies; among the compounds are tetrabutyltin, tributyltin chloride, tributyltin acetate, triphenyltin chloride, triphenyltin hydroxide, dibutyltin chloride, dibutyltin dichloride, diphenyltin dichloride, monobutyltin, and azocyclotin.
Highlights
Organotins (OTs) are organometallic compounds that are widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides, paints, and others [1, 2]
OTs are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), leading to inappropriate endocrine system functioning in various species [5, 6]
Similar data were observed in zebra fish (Danio rerio); when exposed to different doses of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) from the first day of incubation of the eggs to postnatal day (PND) 70, they exhibited effects such as reduced or completely lost sperm motility, absence of flagella, and the presence of only abnormal spermatozoa in semen [23]
Summary
Organotins (OTs) are organometallic compounds that are widely used in industry, such as in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides, paints, and others [1, 2]. In 2008, the World Health Organization decreed a ban on the use of OTs in paints on vessels. OTs are classified as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), leading to inappropriate endocrine system functioning in various species [5, 6]. Their exposure can cause damage, sometimes irreversibly, such as the process of imposex in which female gastropods develop male sex organs [3]. For humans and other vertebrates, the major route of OTs exposure is by the intake of contaminated seafood, and studies evaluating their toxicological risks are limited [7,8,9,10,11]. Frontiers in Endocrinology | www.frontiersin.org de Araújo et al
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