Abstract
Organoids are three-dimensional structures that are derived from the self-organization of stem cells as they differentiate in vitro. The plasticity of stem cells is one of the major criteria for generating organoids most similar to the tissue structures they intend to mimic. Stem cells are cells with unique properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Depending on their origin, a distinction is made between pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells (PSCs), adult (or tissue) stem cells (ASCs), and those obtained by somatic reprogramming, so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). While most data since the 1980s have been acquired in the mouse model, and then from the late 1990s in humans, the process of somatic reprogammation has revolutionized the field of stem cell research. For domestic animals, numerous attempts have been made to obtain PSCs and iPSCs, an approach that makes it possible to omit the use of embryos to derive the cells. Even if the plasticity of the cells obtained is not always optimal, the recent progress in obtaining reprogrammed cells is encouraging. Along with PSCs and iPSCs, many organoid derivations in animal species are currently obtained from ASCs. In this study, we present state-of-the-art stem cell research according to their origins in the various animal models developed.
Highlights
Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Part I: organoids and 3D structures established in mouse and human models 2.1 Definition 2.2 Embryonic pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) 2.3 Adult stem cells 2.4 Induced PSCs 2.5 Initial establishment of organoids 3 Part II: biological issues addressed by 3D organoids 4 Conclusion References
1 Introduction In part I, we present a summary of the state-of-the-art models of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), adult stem cells (ASCs), and stem cells induced in two original murine and human models with the data available in the mammalian agricultural domestic species of interest, and in birds
In part II, we summarize the main fields of application of organoids, the use of which will be described in more detail in the following chapters, which are dedicated to several tissues of interest
Summary
In part I, we present a summary of the state-of-the-art models of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), adult stem cells (ASCs), and stem cells induced in two original murine and human models with the data available in the mammalian agricultural domestic species of interest, and in birds. A schematic figure illustrates the interactions between stem cells, organoids, and species (Figure 1). In part II, we summarize the main fields of application of organoids, the use of which will be described in more detail in the following chapters, which are dedicated to several tissues of interest
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