Abstract
Organoids are self-organizing, self-renewing three-dimensional cellular structures that resemble organs in structure and function. They can be derived from adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They contain most of the relevant cell types with a topology and cell-to-cell interactions resembling that of the in vivo tissue. The widespread and increasing adoption of organoid-based technologies in human biomedical research is testament to their enormous potential in basic, translational- and applied-research. In a similar fashion there appear to be ample possibilities for research applications of organoids from livestock and companion animals. Furthermore, organoids as in vitro models offer a great possibility to reduce the use of experimental animals. Here, we provide an overview of studies on organoids in livestock and companion animal species, with focus on the methods developed for organoids from a variety of tissues/organs from various animal species and on the applications in veterinary research. Current limitations, and ongoing research to address these limitations, are discussed. Further, we elaborate on a number of fields of research in animal nutrition, host-microbe interactions, animal breeding and genomics, and animal biotechnology, in which organoids may have great potential as an in vitro research tool.
Highlights
2 Organoid derivation and culture methods 3 Research in major livestock and companion animals3.1 Tissue‐explants and re‐aggregated dissociated cells 3.2 Stem cell‐derived organoids in livestock and com‐panion animals 3.2.1 Pig 3.2.2 Chicken 3.2.3 Cattle 3.2.4 Sheep3.2.5 Dog 3.2.6 Cat 3.2.7 Horse 4 Potential improvements of organoid culture systems in livestock and veterinary research 4.1 High throughput, low cost, reproducible organoid platforms 4.2 2D organoid platforms 4.3 Collection of tissue samples; biopsies 4.4 Validation 4.5 Development of more complex systems 5 Potential uses of organoids in livestock and veterinary research 5.1 Fundamental biology and pathology 5.2 Nutritional research 5.3 BreedingKar et al Vet Res (2021) 52:435.4 Routine testing
Organoids can be gener‐ ated from adult stem cells (ASCs) [2]; embryonic stem cells (ESCs) [1]; or from induced pluripotent stem cells, i.e. stem cells generated by “reprogramming” dif‐ ferentiated somatic cells to regain pluripotency [5, 6]
Organoid cultures can typically be maintained for very long times, as shown for organoids derived from e.g. intestine [2], stomach [7], liver [8], and pancreas [9], as well as for induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived [10] organoids and ESC-derived [11] organoids
Summary
In the first decade of the present century, it was shown that stem cells grown in vitro with required growth and differentiation factors in the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) components can proliferate while main‐ taining “stemness”, the ability to self-renew and give rise to self-organizing three dimensional (3D) structures [1, 2]. Organoids contain multiple cell types, with tis‐ sue topology and cell–cell interaction resembling many key features of the in vivo organ or tissue [16] whereas cell lines are usually derived from tumors or have become cancerous in vitro. The direct microenvironment, or “niche” of the stem cells and the differentiating daughter cells provide various signals that direct these processes and steer the direction of differen‐ tiation and determine what types of cells and tissue will develop.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
