Abstract
Diclofenac (DC) and ibuprofen (IBU) are widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the consumption of which has rapidly increased in recent years. The biodegradability of pharmaceuticals is negligible and their removal efficiency by wastewater treatment is very low. Therefore, the beidelitte (BEI) as unique nanomaterial was modified by the following different surfactants: cetylpyridinium (CP), benzalkonium (BA) and tetradecyltrimethylammonium (TD) bromides. Organobeidellites were tested as potential nanosorbents for analgesics. The organobeidellites were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and scanning microscopy (SEM). The equilibrium concentrations of analgesics in solution were determined using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The intercalation of surfactants into BEI structure was confirmed both using XRD analysis due to an increase in basal spacing from 1.53 to 2.01 nm for BEI_BA and IR by decreasing in the intensities of bands related to the adsorbed water. SEM proved successful in the uploading of surfactants by a rougher and eroded organobeidellite surface. TG/DTA evaluated the decrease in dehydration/dehydroxylation temperatures due to higher hydrophobicity. The Sorption experiments demonstrated a sufficient sorption ability for IBU (55–86%) and an excellent ability for DC (over 90%). The maximum adsorption capacity was found for BEI_BA-DC (49.02 mg·g−1). The adsorption according to surfactant type follows the order BEI_BA > BEI_TD > BEI_CP.
Highlights
Water resources responsible for the prosperity and development of various forms of life on earth are increasingly limited due to their contamination associated with the increasing generation of wastewater, whether industrial or domestic
The widespread use of various chemical compounds around the world leads to the serious pollution of water environment resources
One of the relatively new, alarming pollutants has recently been marked as pharmaceuticals such as analgesics, antibiotics, antidepressants or contraceptives
Summary
Water resources responsible for the prosperity and development of various forms of life on earth are increasingly limited due to their contamination associated with the increasing generation of wastewater, whether industrial or domestic. The widespread use of various chemical compounds around the world leads to the serious pollution of water environment resources. A complex of hazardous chemicals such as heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, detergent compounds, organic dyes, adhesives, product of oil refineries or products of chemistry and metal processing industries in contaminated soil, surface water and groundwater has brought long-lasting effects on human/animal health (toxic effects connected with immunotoxicity, reproductive impairment, teratogenicity or carcinogenicity) as well as negative effects on Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 3102. Chemical and biological methods have been tested to remove drugs from wastewater, e.g., photocatalytic, ozonation, Fenton, biodegradable or sorption processes. Adsorption is more common method due to its affordability, safety and possibility of sorbent regeneration [7,8]
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