Organizational evolution: The american life cycle

Abstract

Organizations in transition from one evolutionary phase to another exhibit symptoms that suggest change is necessary for continuing growth. Managers must recognize these signs and interpret them correctly to smoothly move from one phase to the next. They must also understand the changing culture within which they operate and how dynamic external forces shape the organization. Within this context, it is especially important for managers to recognize the emerging impact of information technology on organizational structures, external relationships, and how work gets done. This article, which explores the external forces that shape an organization, shows that the typical evolution of an organization parallels the evolution of a culture. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.