Organization and dynamics of class C GPCR nanodomains in neurons visualized by single-molecule microscopy

Abstract

Despite the large number of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), little is known about their location, organization, and dynamics in functional nanodomains at synapses. Class C GPCRs including metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and the γ-aminobutyric acid subtype B receptor (GABABR) mediate several key functions in synaptic transmission. However, it is still insufficiently understood how these receptors function at synapses to modulate neurotransmission. One limitation is the availability of techniques to examine receptors with high spatiotemporal resolution in physiologically relevant cells. To investigate the distribution and spatiotemporal dynamics of mGluR4 and GABABR in cerebellar slices and cultured hippocampal neurons, I used advanced imaging techniques, including single-molecule imaging and superresolution microscopy with high spatial (10-20 nm) and temporal (20 ms) resolution. The presynaptic active zone (AZ) is a highly organized structure that specializes in neurotransmitter release. mGluR4 is a prototypical presynaptic class C GPCR. mGluR4 mediates an inhibitory effect on presynaptic glutamate release mainly via the inhibition of P/Q type voltage dependent calcium channels (CaV2.1). In this study, I analyzed the organization of mGluR4 at the synapse between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells in the mouse cerebellum with near-molecular resolution using two-color direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM). Quantitative analyses revealed a four-fold mGluR4 enrichment at parallel fiber AZs. I found that an AZ contains 29 mGluR4 nanoclusters on average. Each nanocluster contains one or two mGluR4s, with few nanoclusters containing three or more receptors. To assess the spatial distribution of mGluR4 relative to functional active zone elements such as CaV2.1 and Munc 18-1 (an essential component of the synaptic secretory machinery), a distance-based colocalization analysis was used. The analysis revealed positive correlation between mGluR4 and both proteins at a distance of 40 nm. Interestingly, mGluR4 showed a higher positive correlation to Munc 18-1 in comparison to CaV2.1. These results suggest that mGluR4 might directly inhibit the exocytotic machinery to reduce glutamate release from the synaptic vesicles in addition to its role in the inhibition of presynaptic calcium influx. The revealed high degree of mGluR4 organization may provide a new ultrastructural basis to explain the depressive effect of mGluR4 on the neurotransmission. Moreover, I directly imaged GABABR dynamic behavior with high spatiotemporal resolution in living hippocampal neurons utilizing single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). To this purpose, the GABAB1 subunit was engineered with an N-terminal SNAP-tag to enable specific labeling with bright organic fluorophores. On the plasma membrane surface, immobile and mobile GABABRs were detected at both synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments. A mean square displacement analysis (MSD) revealed characteristic dynamic patterns of GABABR depending on receptor location inside or outside of the synapses. The majority of receptors belonging to the extrasynaptic pool displayed rapid and free diffusion. In contrast, approximately 80% of receptors residing at the synaptic compartments were immobile or confined within limited regions. Receptors located at pre- and post-synaptic sites showed a similar behavior. GABABR lateral diffusion patterns inside and outside synapses might be important for the regulation of efficacy of synaptic inhibition. Altogether, this study puts forward previously unknown GPCR nanoscopic details in functional nanodomains. GPCR spatial organization might be important for the efficiency, fidelity, and rapid signaling required for synaptic transmission.