Abstract

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is non-invasive method and appears as a promising tool for metabolic monitoring. Diabetes is a complex syndrome, metabolic diseases that is characterized by hyperglycemia associated with major changes in lipids and proteins. The pathophysiology of the link between diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory syndrome and oxidative stress is complex. We conducted a study and applied quantitative analysis of exhaled ethylene and ammonia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and a healthy control group. For breath gas analysis, a very sensitive CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (CO2LPAS) was applied. The concentration of exhaled VOCs differed between T2DM patients and healthy group, in particular, T2DM patients exhaled significantly higher amounts of ethylene and ammonia compared to healthy control group. The data obtained by the CO2LPAS system revealing that the increased breath VOCs has a close relationship with high glucose levels and with healthy complications.

Highlights

  • The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents a rapid and non-invasive method of early diagnosis

  • The most prevalent type of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is: Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Cyber Systems type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

  • The aim of this chapter is showing the role of breath analysis in the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus by measuring ethylene and ammonia as oxidative stress breath biomarkers at T2DM and healthy subjects, using a CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (CO2LPAS) system

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Summary

Introduction

The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represents a rapid and non-invasive method of early diagnosis. Breath analysis is considered to be a promising tool for noninvasive analysis of biochemical processes in the human body [2–5] Exhaled breath contains both exogenous VOCs that come from environmental exposures as the ingestion of food, smoking cigarettes or/and air pollution, or endogenous VOCs that are produced by biological processes in the human body like oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, infectious disease. Through hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension is induced oxidative stress that affects multiple organs, leading to various complications including coronary artery disease, stroke, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy [16, 17]. The aim of this chapter is showing the role of breath analysis in the evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus by measuring ethylene and ammonia as oxidative stress breath biomarkers at T2DM and healthy subjects, using a CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (CO2LPAS) system. Breath tests were compared between the two groups (healthy and with T2DM) to see if the breath analysis can discriminate between diabetic and healthy subjects, and if the breath tests are in accordance with blood tests

Oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus
Overview of breath analysis
Exhaled breath
Breath biomarkers
Ammonia
Ethylene
Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy as a method for breath VOCs detection
Laser photoacoustic spectroscopy: basic principles
Experimental section for VOCs breath analysis
Breath collection
Protocols and procedures for breath analysis
VOCs measurement from the exhaled breath in type 2 diabetes
Discussions
Findings
Conclusions
Full Text
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