Abstract
Organic/inorganic hybrid fibers (OIHFs) are intriguing materials, possessing an intrinsic high specific surface area and flexibility coupled to unique anisotropic properties, diverse chemical compositions, and controllable hybrid architectures. During the last decade, advanced OIHFs with exceptional properties for electrochemical energy applications, including possessing interconnected networks, abundant active sites, and short ion diffusion length have emerged. Here, a comprehensive overview of the controllable architectures and electrochemical energy applications of OIHFs is presented. After a brief introduction, the controllable construction of OIHFs is described in detail through precise tailoring of the overall, interior, and interface structures. Additionally, several important electrochemical energy applications including rechargeable batteries (lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries), supercapacitors (sandwich‐shaped supercapacitors and fiber‐shaped supercapacitors), and electrocatalysts (oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, and hydrogen evolution reaction) are presented. The current state of the field and challenges are discussed, and a vision of the future directions to exploit OIHFs for electrochemical energy devices is provided.
Highlights
Introduction inorganic constituent species inOIHFs and their hybrid structures provides great possibility to tune and en-Organic/inorganic hybrid fibers (OIHFs) are a family of flexible hance their electrochemical properties
We present a comprehensive overview of the controllable architectures and electrochemical energy applications of OIHFs (Figure 3)
Based on their hierarchical structure, with features ranging from the macroscale to the nanoscale, the morphology of OIHFs can be investigated by the digital photography, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Summary
OIHFs have made great progress in recent years, the definition of this type of material is still ambiguous. OIHFs are commonly produced from polymer fiber precursors including poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyamide, polyimide, polyurethane (PU), and conducting polymer fibers, such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) These 1D organic components are coupled to a wide variety of inorganic materials including precious noble metals (e.g., gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd)); nonprecious metals (e.g., iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), tin (Sn), and antimony (Sb)), along with their compounds (e.g., oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, and carbonitrides); nonmetallic elements (e.g., aluminum (Al), silicon (Si)) as well as their oxides; and heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen (N) boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)). The fabrication of polymer-based carbon fibers mainly includes two processes: polymer fibers formation and subsequent carbonization These carbon fibers play a preponderant role in modulating electrical conductivity and mechanical strength, and provide an ideal template for the composite of inorganic components.
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