Abstract
Second near-infrared window (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging has shown great potential in the field of bioimaging. However, the excitation wavelengths of most NIR-II fluorescence dyes are in the first near-infrared (NIR-I) region, which leads to limited imaging depth and resolution. To address such issue, NIR-II fluorescence dyes with 1,064 nm excitation have been developed and applied for in vivo imaging. Compared with NIR-I wavelength excited dyes, 1,064 nm excited dyes exhibit a higher tissue penetration depth and resolution. The improved performance makes these dyes have much broader imaging applications. In this mini review, we summarize recent advances in 1,064 nm excited NIR-II fluorescence fluorophores for bioimaging. Two kinds of organic fluorophores, small molecule dye and semiconducting polymer (SP), are reviewed. The general properties of these fluorophores are first introduced. Small molecule dyes with different chemical structures for variety of bioimaging applications are then discussed, followed by the introduction of SPs for NIR-II phototheranostics. Finally, the conclusion and future perspective of this field is given.
Highlights
As a powerful disease diagnostic method, optical imaging has shown great promise both in the laboratory research and clinical application (Ding et al, 2021) (Xu and Pu, 2021)
Organic fluorophores including small molecule dyes and semiconducting polymer (SP) have shown great potential owing to their good biocompatibility and high absorption coefficient(Hu et al, 2021) (Tian et al, 2020) (Wang et al, 2020) (Xie et al, 2020) (Yang et al, 2020b) (Zhou et al, 2021) (Ou et al, 2021)
NIR-II fluorescence imaging effect of PSQP nanoparticles (PSQPNs)-DBCO was compared with an 808-nm excited SPN, TT-3T CPs
Summary
As a powerful disease diagnostic method, optical imaging has shown great promise both in the laboratory research and clinical application (Ding et al, 2021) (Xu and Pu, 2021). Different kinds of NIR-II fluorescence probes have been developed for disease diagnosis, including carbon nanotubes (Zhao et al, 2018) (Antaris et al, 2016), small molecule dyes (Zhang et al, 2021) (Zhou et al, 2020c) (Chen et al, 2021b), semiconducting polymers (SPs), and quantum dots(Feng et al, 2021) (Kong et al, 2016) (Li et al, 2015) (Zhang et al, 2019) (Chen et al, 2021c) Among these materials, organic fluorophores including small molecule dyes and SPs have shown great potential owing to their good biocompatibility and high absorption coefficient(Hu et al, 2021) (Tian et al, 2020) (Wang et al, 2020) (Xie et al, 2020) (Yang et al, 2020b) (Zhou et al, 2021) (Ou et al, 2021). A brief summary and the current status as well as potential challenge of this field are discussed
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