Abstract
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems. Due to their poor biocompatibility, circuit complexity, low energy efficiency, and operating principles fundamentally different from the ion signal modulation of biology, traditional Silicon-based neuromorphic implementations have limited bio-integration potential. Here, we report the first organic electrochemical neurons (OECNs) with ion-modulated spiking, based on all-printed complementary organic electrochemical transistors. We demonstrate facile bio-integration of OECNs with Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) to induce lobe closure upon input stimuli. The OECNs can also be integrated with all-printed organic electrochemical synapses (OECSs), exhibiting short-term plasticity with paired-pulse facilitation and long-term plasticity with retention >1000 s, facilitating Hebbian learning. These soft and flexible OECNs operate below 0.6 V and respond to multiple stimuli, defining a new vista for localized artificial neuronal systems possible to integrate with bio-signaling systems of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
Highlights
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems
We have demonstrated the first Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs)-based spiking neuron, here made from an all-printed complementary OECTs (c-OECT) technology, and its integration with printed OECT-based artificial synapses exhibiting a range of learning behaviors, including long-term and shortterm potentiation and depression and spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP)
The OECT-based circuit can be printed on large scale[31] and with high manufacturing yield[45], which greatly simplifies the production protocol, as the driving strengths of p- and n-type transistors can be matched by tuning the thickness of the semiconductor layers
Summary
Future brain-machine interfaces, prosthetics, and intelligent soft robotics will require integrating artificial neuromorphic devices with biological systems. Due to their poor biocompatibility, circuit complexity, low energy efficiency, and operating principles fundamentally different from the ion signal modulation of biology, traditional Silicon-based neuromorphic implementations have limited bio-integration potential. The robust device architecture and the solubility of the organic materials in benign solvents have enabled the facile fabrication of large-scale printed OECT-based digital circuits[31,32,33] These properties make OECTs the ideal candidates for developing printed, biocompatible artificial spiking neural circuits with ion-mediated spiking mechanisms closely resembling the signaling characteristics of biological systems
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