Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a high-energy radiation whose biological effects depend on the irradiation doses. Low-dose radiation (LDR) is delivered during medical diagnoses or by an exposure to radioactive elements and has been linked to the occurrence of chronic diseases, such as leukemia and cardiovascular diseases. Though epidemiological research is indispensable for predicting and dealing with LDR-induced abnormalities in individuals exposed to LDR, little is known about epidemiological markers of LDR exposure. Moreover, difference in the LDR-induced molecular events in each organ has been an obstacle to a thorough investigation of the LDR effects and a validation of the experimental results in in vivo models. In this review, we summarized the recent reports on LDR-induced risk of organ-specifically arranged the alterations for a comprehensive understanding of the biological effects of LDR. We suggested that LDR basically caused the accumulation of DNA damages, controlled systemic immune systems, induced oxidative damages on peripheral organs, and even benefited the viability in some organs. Furthermore, we concluded that understanding of organ-specific responses and the biological markers involved in the responses is needed to investigate the precise biological effects of LDR.
Highlights
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a high energy radiation that can change the status of intracellular nucleotides, proteins, and organic molecules by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS; Kim et al, 2019)
We summarized the studies on Low-dose radiation (LDR)-induced biological effects in humans, which have been supported by various mouse and cell models
This study showed that genes related to the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) were induced by both LDR and high dose radiation (HDR) while genes involved in cytoskeleton and intercellular signaling were responsive only to LDR
Summary
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a high energy radiation that can change the status of intracellular nucleotides, proteins, and organic molecules by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS; Kim et al, 2019). Many experimental studies have explored LDR-induced molecular markers in mouse and cell models and emphasized organ-specific sensitivities and responses in the expression patterns of these markers (Lee et al, 2006). It is important to comprehend these studies in the context of alterations in biological events and markers in response to LDR exposure from the viewpoint of dose‐ and organ-specificity. We summarized the studies on LDR-induced biological effects in humans, which have been supported by various mouse and cell models. We arranged these effects according to dose‐ and organ-specificity, with descriptions based on significantly altered expressions of biological markers and related molecular mechanisms
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