Order–Disorder Diversity of the Solid State by NMR: The Role of Electrical Charges

Abstract

The physical explanations and understanding of the order–disorder phenomena in the solid state are commonly inferred from the experimental capabilities of the characterization techniques. Periodicity is recorded according to the averaging procedure of the conventional reciprocal-space techniques (RSTs) in many solids. This approach gives rise to a sharp trimodal view including non-crystalline or amorphous compounds, aperiodic crystals and periodic crystals. However, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy offers an alternative approach that is derived from the distinct character of the measurements involved at the local scale. Here, we present a sequence of progressive order–disorder states, from amorphous structures up to fully ordered mineral structures, showing the great diversity existing in the solid state using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Some examples in glasses and products of their crystallization are used, as well as several minerals (including beryl-group and feldspar-group minerals) at magnetic fields up to 35.2 T, and some examples from literature. This approach suggests that the solid state is a dynamic medium, whose behavior is due to atomic adjustments from local compensation of electrical charges between similar structural states, which explains Ostwald’s step rule of successive reactions. In fully ordered feldspar minerals, we propose that the electronic structure of the elements of the cavity site is involved in bonding, site morphology and feldspar topology. Furthermore, some implications are derived about what is a mineral structure from the point of view of the NMR experiments. They open the possibility for the development of the science of NMR Mineralogy.