Abstract

AbstractThe circular economy (CE) aims at cycling products and materials in closed technical and biological loops. Cradle to cradle (C2C) operationalizes the CE with a product design concept rooted in the circulation of “healthy” materials because contamination of materials with substances of concern hampers cycling and may pose risks to people in contact with them. Extant research shows that barriers often hinder organizations from successfully pursuing cradle‐to‐cradle product innovation (CPI). Innovation community theory helps to explain how to overcome barriers and further the innovation process by taking a microlevel perspective on intra‐ and interorganizational collaboration of individual promotors (or champions). We elaborate innovation community theory with a longitudinal embedded case study of a C2C frontrunner company with the goal to get a precise understanding of how promotors collaborate in the CPI process. Our contribution is threefold: We identify eight collaboration mechanisms used between promotors to sequentially overcome a hub firm's individual, organizational, value chain, and institutional level barriers to circularity. Second, we differentiate these mechanisms according to their cooperative and coordinative facets and put emphasis on the coordinative functions of those mechanisms linked to the C2C standard. Third, we highlight the importance of promotors at the linking level who facilitate the CPI process as intermediaries.

Highlights

  • The circular economy (CE) aims to be a restorative system (Morseletto, 2020) by keeping products, components, and materials in closed technical and biological loops at their highest utility and value (Bocken, Olivetti, Cullen, Potting, & Lifset, 2017; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013)

  • We present how Werner & Mertz (W&M) developed an innovation community of promotors who applied various collaboration mechanisms to set aside, in this sequence, individual, firm, value chain, and institutional-level cradle product innovation (CPI) barriers

  • The barriers occur recursively: for instance, the same type of individual and firm-level barriers resolved by the hub, may later be faced by the hub’s partners in the value chain

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Summary

Introduction

The circular economy (CE) aims to be a restorative system (Morseletto, 2020) by keeping products, components, and materials in closed technical and biological loops at their highest utility and value (Bocken, Olivetti, Cullen, Potting, & Lifset, 2017; Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2013). The requirements for C2C product innovation (CPI), such as the elimination of toxic substances from the supply chain, cause considerable complexity and represent barriers for a large-scale diffusion. It has become evident that collaboration in networks is at the core of product-level circularity (e.g., Hansen & Revellio, 2020; Konietzko, Bocken, & Hultink, 2020). As research in both product-level circularity and broader industrial ecology shows, such interorganizational collaboration requires careful network orchestration (Boons & Baas, 1997; Korhonen, Nuur, Feldmann, & Birkie, 2018) and facilitation (Paquin & Howard-Grenville, 2012; Patala, Salmi, & Bocken, 2020)

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