Abstract
We investigate the collective behavior of particle orbits in the vicinity of magnetic reconnection in Earth's magneto-tail. Various regions of different kinds of orbital stability of particle motions are found. We locate regimes of temporary capture of particle orbits in configuration space as well as locations, where strong particle accelerations take place. With this study, we are able to provide a detailed map, i.e., the topology, of high and low acceleration centers close to the reconnection site. Quasiregular and chaotic kinds of motions of elementary particles can be determined as well. The orbital stability of particle orbits is obtained by a statistical analysis of the outcome of the system of variational equations of particle orbits within the framework of particle-in-cell simulations. Using the concept of Lyapunov characteristic numbers to ensembles of particle orbits, we introduce Lyapunov ensemble averages to describe the response of particle orbits to local perturbations induced by the electromagnetic field.
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