Abstract
Orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata feeding induces wallaby ear symptoms, namely growth suppression and gall formation characterized by severe swelling of leaf veins, on various Poaceae, thereby leading to low crop yields. Here, we investigated the development of wallaby ear symptoms on rice seedlings due to C. bipunctata feeding. After confirming that C. bipunctata feeding induces growth suppression and gall formation on rice seedlings, we further demonstrated that gall formation score decreased with decreasing levels of nitrogen in the medium and that C. bipunctata feeding induces the expression levels of nitrogen transporter genes. These gene expression changes may participate in the nutrient accumulation observed in galled tissues and in gall formation. In addition, these expression changes should induce growth promotion but the inhibition of gibberellin signaling by C. bipunctata feeding might be the reason why growth is suppressed. Treatment with plant growth regulators did not affect gall formation, suggesting the existence of a complex gall formation mechanism by C. bipunctata feeding.
Highlights
The orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) is distributed widely across eastern and northern Africa, the Indian Ocean, the southern Palearctic, eastern Japan, namely Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Bonin Islands, and southern to northern Australia [1,2,3]
We first confirmed whether the wallaby ear symptoms induced in rice seedlings (Nipponbare variety) were similar to that of maize seedlings induced in rice seedlings Murashige (Nipponbare variety) thatmoss of maize
Since N is required for gall formation, we investigated the effect of C. bipunctata feeding on NN-uptake- and transport-related gene expression
Summary
The orange leafhopper Cicadulina bipunctata (Melichar) is distributed widely across eastern and northern Africa, the Indian Ocean, the southern Palearctic, eastern Japan, namely Shikoku, Kyushu, and the Bonin Islands, and southern to northern Australia [1,2,3]. This species is considered a serious pest of maize, rice, and wheat because C. bipunctata feeding induces growth suppression and severe swelling of leaf veins (Figure 1), both of which leading to the loss of leaf and stem dry matter in maize and resulting in yield loss [4]. The symptoms did not appear when further new leaves
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