Abstract
Simple SummaryMicrobiota dysbiosis is correlated with numerous diseases in the human body. To date, the research on the microbiome-associated diseases been focused on an organ-specific microbiome. However, the interorgan microbial network is emerging as an important regulator in physiological functions and pathological processes. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial ecosystems. Recent studies have demonstrated that the oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmission can regulate pathogenesis, indicating the presence of the oral–gut microbiome axis. Here, we will review the role of the oral–gut microbiome axis in gastrointestinal disease and cancer, which may provide insight for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.It is well-known that microbiota dysbiosis is closely associated with numerous diseases in the human body. The oral cavity and gut are the two largest microbial habitats, playing a major role in microbiome-associated diseases. Even though the oral cavity and gut are continuous regions connected through the gastrointestinal tract, the oral and gut microbiome profiles are well-segregated due to the oral–gut barrier. However, the oral microbiota can translocate to the intestinal mucosa in conditions of the oral–gut barrier dysfunction. Inversely, the gut-to-oral microbial transmission occurs as well in inter- and intrapersonal manners. Recently, it has been reported that oral and gut microbiomes interdependently regulate physiological functions and pathological processes. Oral-to-gut and gut-to-oral microbial transmissions can shape and/or reshape the microbial ecosystem in both habitats, eventually modulating pathogenesis of disease. However, the oral–gut microbial interaction in pathogenesis has been underappreciated to date. Here, we will highlight the oral–gut microbiome crosstalk and its implications in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal disease and cancer. Better understanding the role of the oral–gut microbiome axis in pathogenesis will be advantageous for precise diagnosis/prognosis and effective treatment.
Highlights
The microorganisms in and on the human body outnumber the human cells by at least 10-fold [1]
Microorganisms display conserved molecular motifs known as microbial-associated molecular patterns and pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which can be recognized by the host through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors [6,36]
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients showed colonization of F. nucleatum in the gut, which was more invasive than other F. nucleatum strains, indicating the presence of the oral–gut microbiome axis in IBD patients [74,75]
Summary
The microorganisms in and on the human body outnumber the human cells by at least 10-fold [1]. The human microbiome is remarkably diverse even between healthy individuals [2]. Gut and oral microbiomes are the two largest microbial ecosystems in the human body [9]. The latest studies have proven the involvement of microbiome in the interorgan networks, such as the gut–brain and gut–lung axes [10,11]. In this regard, the intestinal colonization of oral microbiota and fecal–oral transmission have been reported to frequently occur and modulate pathophysiological processes in the human body [12,13,14]. We will highlight the oral–gut microbiome axis and its implications in the health and disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) system
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