Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer. It has a high prevalence in certain parts of the world, and is associated with a high mortality rate. In this review, we describe metastasis related to OSCC, and disorders that could lead to OSCC with common etiological factors. In addition, a brief account of the diagnosis of OSCC and role of salivary biomarkers in its early detection has also been highlighted. Google Scholar and PubMed search engines were searched with keywords including "oral squamous cell carcinoma", "OSCC", "oral cancer", "potentially malignant disorders in oral cavity", "etiological factors of OSCC", "diagnosis of OSCC", and "salivary biomarkers and OSCC" to gather the literature for this review. The review concludes that OSCC has the potential for regional as well as distant metastasis, and many potentially malignant diseases can transform into OSCC with the help of various etiological factors. Diagnosis of OSCC involves traditional biopsy, but salivary biomarkers could also be utilized for early recognition.
Highlights
One of the commonest forms of cancer is head and neck cancer[1]
In this review we have briefly described metastasis related to Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), some disorders that could transform into OSCC with associated common etiological factors
Google Scholar and PubMed search engines were searched with keywords including “oral squamous cell carcinoma”, “OSCC”, “oral cancer”, “potentially malignant disorders in oral cavity”, “etiological factors of OSCC”, “diagnosis of OSCC”, and “salivary biomarkers and OSCC” and our search revealed 500+ results
Summary
One of the commonest forms of cancer is head and neck cancer[1]. Its prevalence is different in various parts of the world; in unindustrialized countries, like India, it is the cancer most commonly diagnosed in male patients whereas in the Western world, it is responsible for 1–4% of all cancers[2]. Malignant disorders (PMDs) transforming into OSCC Early detection of cancer is a key factor for improved prognosis and increased patient survival rate. A previous study in which the data of 20,095 patients was assessed reported 1.1% incidence of OLP patients developing OSCC42 It should be noted that erosive type of OLP and patients with history of smoking and alcohol use are likely to suffer from transformation of OLP to OSCC42,43. Role of salivary biomarkers in detection of OSCC The typical diagnosis of OSCC is made by clinical oral examination followed by biopsy of the suspected tissue[69] Due to this approach, most OSCC cases either go undetected (at an early stage) or are diagnosed at advanced stages[70]. It was revealed from the results of that study that patients with OSCC had increased salivary levels of Cyfra-21-1, lactate dehydrogenase, and total protein concentration in comparison to other groups[80]
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