Abstract
The role of the oral microbiota in HIV-infected individuals deserves attention as either HIV infection or antiretroviral therapy (ART) may have effect on the diversity and the composition of the oral microbiome. However, few studies have addressed the oral microbiota and its interplay with different immune responses to ART in HIV-infected individuals. Salivary microbiota and immune activation were studied in 30 HIV-infected immunological responders (IR) and 34 immunological non-responders (INR) (≥500 and < 200 CD4 + T-cell counts/μl after 2 years of HIV-1 viral suppression, respectively) with no comorbidities. Metagenome sequencing revealed that the IR and the INR group presented similar salivary bacterial richness and diversity. The INR group presented a significantly higher abundance of genus Selenomonas_4, while the IR group manifested higher abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas and norank_p_Saccharimonas. Candidatus_Saccharimonas and norank_p_Saccharimonas were positively correlated with the current CD4 + T-cells. Candidatus_Saccharimonas was positively correlated with the markers of adaptive immunity CD4 + CD57 + T-cells, while negative correlation was found between norank _p_Saccharimonas and the CD8 + CD38 + T-cells as well as the CD4/CD8 + HLADR + CD38 + T-cells. The conclusions are that the overall salivary microbiota structure was similar in the immunological responders and immunological non-responders, while there were some taxonomic differences in the salivary bacterial composition. Selenomona_4, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, and norank _p_Saccharimonas might act as important factors of the immune recovery in the immunodeficiency patients, and Candidatus_Saccharimonas could be considered in the future as screening biomarkers for the immune responses in the HIV-infected individuals.
Highlights
The widespread use of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) which has ability to achieve viral suppression and immune reconstitution has made human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection become a chronic manageable disease
ART medications were composed by two Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), or a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (PI)
Current available studies have confirmed that discernible alterations of the composition of the salivary microbiota are inherent to a range of systemic disorders
Summary
The widespread use of potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) which has ability to achieve viral suppression and immune reconstitution has made human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection become a chronic manageable disease. Despite the persistent manifestation of virological suppression after receiving ART, HIV infected individuals with low increases of CD4 + T-cells are considered as immunological non-responders (INR), showing contrast to immunological responders (IR) (Cenderello and De Maria, 2016). An unanimously agreed definition of INR has not been reached by far. The most restrictive definition of INR refers to patients whose absolute CD4 + T-cells fail to reach 200 cells/μl with an undetectable plasma viral load after 2 years of receiving ART (Florence et al, 2003; Kaufmann et al, 2003; Tsukamoto et al, 2009)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
