Abstract
The oral microbiome, forming a biofilm that covers the oral structures, contains a high number of microorganisms. Biofilm formation starts from the salivary pellicle that allows bacterial adhesion–colonization–proliferation, co-aggregation and biofilm maturation in a complex microbial community. There is a constant bidirectional crosstalk between human host and its oral microbiome. The paper presents the fundamentals regarding the oral microbiome and its relationship to modulator factors, oral and systemic health. The modern studies of oral microorganisms and relationships with the host benefits are based on genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Pharmaceuticals such as antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics, surface active or abrasive agents and plant-derived ingredients may influence the oral microbiome. Many studies found associations between oral dysbiosis and systemic disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular, diabetes, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. We outline the general and individual factors influencing the host–microbial balance and the possibility to use the analysis of the oral microbiome in prevention, diagnosis and treatment in personalized medicine. Future therapies should take in account the restoration of the normal symbiotic relation with the oral microbiome.
Highlights
Animal bodies are host for various symbiotic microbial species, forming a complex association throughout the organism’s lifetime [1–3]
Co-evolution has led to interdependence: the human microbiome influences a large array of essential functions of the host, affecting a variety of physiologic, immunologic and metabolic processes, including the training and development of the host’s innate and adaptive immune system [6]
The oral cavity hosts a large number of microorganisms, the totality of them being known as the oral microbiome, the oral flora or the oral microbiota [15]
Summary
Animal bodies are host for various symbiotic microbial species, forming a complex association throughout the organism’s lifetime [1–3]. Co-evolution has led to interdependence: the human microbiome influences a large array of essential functions of the host, affecting a variety of physiologic, immunologic and metabolic processes, including the training and development of the host’s innate and adaptive immune system [6]. The definition of microbiome is more complex than initially considered, encompassing, besides bacteriome, co-evolution has led to interdependence: the human microbiome influences a fungi (mycobiome) virus (virome) and ultrasmall organisms (candidate phyla radiation large array of essential functions of the host, affecting a variety of physiologic, immunologic group). The definition of microbiome is moreor complex vary according to the diet, age, usebesides of antibiotics, health status, genetics, environmental initially considered, encompassing, bacteriome, fungi (mycobiome) virus (virome) exposures (to xenobiotics or microorganisms), disease state, socioeconomic status, and ultrasmall organisms (candidate phyla radiation group) [8,9].
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