Oral health care experiences of people living with HIV in Kwazulu-Natal and Western Cape, South Africa

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to ascertain the oral health experiences of people living with HIV/AIDS in the provinces of Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) and Western Cape (WC) in South Africa. Many studies have reported that people living with HIV have unmet needs for dental care and this study considered the various factors that affect the accessibility and utilisation of dental services as these factors are even more pertinent for the people living with HIV who have increased need for dental care. Design/methodology/approach – The participants were selected among HIV-positive people attending selected Community Health Centre and regional hospital HIV clinics in KZN and WC provinces. The sample consisted of people living with HIV that were 18 years or older and who had given written, informed consent. The sample (n=435) comprised mainly of black females in the age group 20-29 years. In total, 347 participants (79.8 per cent) had an oral health problem of which 83 per cent (n=288) received care. Findings – Of those that received care, 56.6 per cent (n=163) of the participants stated that the staff were aware of their HIV status. Almost a third of the participants who received care reported a negative experience at the clinic. If the participant lived in a metropolitan area, the participant was 3.647 times more likely to receive care than if the participant lived in a non-metropolitan area (p < 0.01) If the participant earned R5,000 or less, the participant was 0.106 times less likely to receive care (p=0.048). If the participant lived 1-5 km from the clinic, the participant was 3.371 times more likely to receive care (p=0.015). Research limitations/implications – The results are specific to KZN and WC and cannot be extrapolated with caution to the rest of South Africa. However, to the best of the author’s knowledge, there is no other study that has compared differences in the use of oral health care services by people with HIV in South Africa and these results serve as an indication of some the important issues in this regard. Additionally, this study did not have a control group of HIV-negative people which would have enabled one to determine whether certain barriers were unique to people living with HIV. Practical implications – The study highlighted the barriers to care existing within the current public health system relative to the provision of oral health services for people living with HIV in KZN and WC. It was anticipated that by ascertaining the nature and extent of unmet needs and barriers to dental care for people living with HIV, measures can be put in place to remove or at least reduce the barriers to care and improve the quality of life for people living with HIV/AIDS in South African communities. Social implications – The high prevalence of oral health problems in people living with HIV makes it imperative for the DOH to make every attempt to remove barriers to oral health care and thereby secure equitable, affordable and accessible oral health care which is acceptable for people living with HIV and accountable to the greater society. Originality/value – This study emphasises the importance of embracing people that are being discriminated and marginalised by society such as people living with HIV to ensure that they feel a franchised member of society who can take the initiative to be in control of their own health and, with the necessary aid from public resources and societal support, join forces to reduce the public health burden and its impact on the socio-economic milieu.