Oral habits, sociopsychological orthodontic needs, and sociodemographic factors perceived by caregivers impact oral health-related quality of life in children with and without autism?

Abstract

Caregivers play a crucial role in assessing the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of young individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study assessed the impact of sociodemographic and oral conditions on OHRQoL and family dynamics in young individuals with and without autism, as perceived by guardians. This comparative cross-sectional study included young individuals aged 6 to 14 years and their guardians. Data were collected at a specialized institution and dental schools. Guardians completed the Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ), Family Impact Scale (FIS), and sociodemographic and oral habits questionnaires. The sociopsychological need for orthodontic treatment was assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The sample included 144 youths and caregivers. The ASD group had higher P-CPQ and FIS scores. Factors associated with poorer perceived OHRQoL included higher youth age, lower caregiver education, higher IOTN scores, teeth clenching (RR = 1.20; 95% CI: 1.01-1.41), and lip sucking. Lower parental education (RR = 1.75; 95% CI: 1.10-2.80) and higher IOTN scores from the caregiver's perspective impacted family dynamics. Caregivers of young individuals with ASD perceived a lower OHRQoL, and families in this group were more affected by sociodemographic and oral conditions.