Abstract
Different parts of Araucaria bidiwillii (bunya pin) trees, such as nuts, seeds, bark, and shoots, are widely used in cooking, tea, and traditional medicines around the world. The shoots essential oil (EO) has not yet been studied. Herein, the chemical profile of A. bidiwillii shoots EO (ABSEO) was created by GC–MS analysis. Additionally, the in vivo oral and topical anti-inflammatory effect against carrageenan-induced models, as well as antipyretic potentiality of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion were evaluated. Forty-three terpenoid components were identified and categorized as mono- (42.94%), sesqui- (31.66%), and diterpenes (23.74%). The main compounds of the ABSEO were beyerene (20.81%), α-pinene (16.21%), D-limonene (14.22%), germacrene D (6.69%), β-humulene (4.14%), and sabinene (4.12%). The ABSEO and its nanoemulsion exhibited significant inflammation suppression in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, in both oral (50 and 100 mg/kg) and topical (5% in soyabean oil) routes, compared to the control and reference drugs groups. All the results demonstrated the significant inflammation reduction via the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL8), nitrosative (NO), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) supported by the histopathological studies and immunohistochemical assessment of MMP-9 and NF-κβ levels in paw tissues. Moreover, the oral administration of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion (50 and 100 mg/kg) exhibited antipyretic activity in rats, demonstrated by the inhibition of hyperthermia induced by intramuscular injection of brewer’s yeast. These findings advised that the use of ABSEO and its nanoemulsion against numerous inflammatory and hyperthermia ailments that could be attributed to its active constituents.
Highlights
Introduction distributed under the terms andNature products have represented the main resources of the backbone of human needs for life from the beginning of civilization, including foods and remedies [1]
(v/w) of a dark yellow oil with a pungent odor. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the extracted A. bidiwillii shoots EO (ABSEO) based upon gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed to the identification of forty-three components counted 98.34% of the overall essential oil (EO) mass (Figure 1)
The results showed that group-administered ABSEO (50 mg/kg) exerted very week edema inhibition percentages (10.24%) after 3 h interval of carrageenan injection
Summary
Introduction distributed under the terms andNature products have represented the main resources of the backbone of human needs for life from the beginning of civilization, including foods and remedies [1]. Essential oils (EOs) have played an important role in the treatment of several diseases [3]. Represented one of the main targets of the researchers in the fighting of the different diseases especially inflammations and tumors [2]. Inflammation is a physiological response of the body’s immune system against several insults, including pathogens, toxins, destroyed cells, and/or radiation [4]. This reaction helps the body to diminish harm and aid in the repair of tissue injury. Cellular inflammation represents the principal process in various diseases, leading to inappropriate cell death, organ-specific damage, or the development of different cancers. Chronic inflammation is implicated in the progress of several disorders, such as metabolic, cardiac and digestive system and autoimmune disorders, as well as Alzheimer’s disease [6,7]
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