Abstract
The present study investigated the protective effects of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) ethanol extract (SHE) against atopic dermatitis (AD), known as an abnormal immune response in house dust mite (HDM)/2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-stimulated NC/Nga mice. The oral administration of SHE attenuated the AD symptoms, including the skin dermatitis severity, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and ear edema in HDM/DNCB-stimulated mice. Moreover, the histological analysis revealed that SHE improved epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, and reduced the dermal infiltrations of mast cells and eosinophils. Moreover, SHE downregulated the expression levels of cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ) and chemokines (Regulated on Activation, Normal T Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), Eotaxin, and Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)) by decreasing the expression levels of atopic initiators (IL-25 and IL-33) in HDM/DNCB-stimulated skin. The oral administration of SHE decreased the spleen size, reducing expression levels of AD-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TARC) by regulating the expressions of Tbx21 (T-bet), GATA Binding Protein 3 (GATA-3), and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Moreover, SHE significantly attenuated the serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 and IgG2a levels in HDM/DNCB-stimulated mice. Collectively, these results suggest that S. horneri could be an ingredient of functional food against abnormal immune response.
Highlights
Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is an edible brown seaweed, distributed along the coastal areas of South Korea, China, and Japan
To induce atopic dermatitis (AD) skin lesions, house dust mite (HDM)/DNCB was repeatedly applied onto the dorsal surface of NC/Nga mice
In 3 weeks, the skin became thick and severe erythema, edema, hemorrhage, and erosion were observed in HDM/DNCB-stimulated mice groups
Summary
Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is an edible brown seaweed, distributed along the coastal areas of South Korea, China, and Japan. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety of South Korea (KMFDS) declared S. horneri to be a food material, based on recent studies that indicate numerous. In vitro and in vivo evaluations indicate that active components purified from S. horneri, such as sulfated polysaccharides, sagachromanol, mojabanchromanol, loliolide, and apo-9 fucoxanthinone, possess antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory effects [4]. The ethanol extract of S. horneri is rich in mojabanchromanol and loliolide, which show anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects [3,5]. Recent research has exploited the roles of natural materials like plants and seaweed functional foods that contribute to enhancing human health in various aspects, like improvement of liver function, sleep, and diabetes [7,8,9]. According to the instruction of Korea Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (KMFDS), natural foods contribute to remedying or improving AD symptoms that can be used as a functional food
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